The haworth structure is the ring structure for galactose. Haworth structures are more accurate representations of how the carbohydrate exists in nature. Fischer structures are those drawn linearly of the same carbohydrate. Hope this helps a little.
The 2nd and 3rd carbon in galactose are asymmetric because they are attached to four different groups or atoms, making them chiral centers. This asymmetry at these carbons gives rise to different stereoisomers of galactose.
The trisaccharide that can be converted by beta-galactosidase into maltose and galactose is raffinose. Raffinose is composed of galactose, glucose, and fructose. When beta-galactosidase acts on raffinose, it hydrolyzes the galactose unit, resulting in the formation of maltose (glucose and glucose) and galactose.
In the Haworth Projection, the form of D-glucose with the -OH at carbon-1 below the ring is in the alpha-D-glucopyranose form. This form has the -OH group at carbon-1 pointing downwards in the ring structure.
After absorption in the liver, galactose is converted to glucose-1-phosphate through a series of enzymatic reactions. This conversion is part of the galactose metabolism pathway, where galactose is first phosphorylated to galactose-1-phosphate before being transformed into glucose-6-phosphate, which can then enter glycolysis or be used for glycogen synthesis. Ultimately, this process allows galactose to be utilized as an energy source similar to glucose.
Lactose is the disaccharide produced by combining glucose and galactose.
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Galactose and glucose are both monosaccharides, but they differ in their chemical structure. Galactose is a C-4 epimer of glucose, meaning they have the same chemical formula but differ in the arrangement of hydroxyl groups around the fourth carbon atom. Galactose is less sweet than glucose and is commonly found in dairy products.
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Mannose and galactose are both monosaccharides, but they differ in their structure and function. Mannose is a 6-carbon sugar that is commonly found in glycoproteins and plays a role in cell-cell recognition and immune response. Galactose is also a 6-carbon sugar, but it is typically found in milk sugar (lactose) and plays a role in energy production and cell membrane structure.
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