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Stems do many things. They support the plant. They act like the plant's Plumbing system, conducting water and nutrients from the roots and food in the form of glucose from the leaves to other plant parts. The stem provides protection for the upper portions of the plant (those which normally carry the reproductive organs). It also protects the vascular system of the plant from environmental (weather), mechanical, insect or animal damage. In part the vascular system provides the stem with rigidity. The stem contributes to the increase in surface area for photosynthesis, branches hold the leaves further away from the stem (where light levels can be lower), exposing more leaf area to the sun. Stems also elevate the leaf canopy away from other plants which may be competing for the same sunlight (such as in dense jungles).

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