Electrolytic cell
A galvanic cell can become an electrolytic cell by applying an external voltage that is of opposite polarity to the cell's spontaneous voltage. This external voltage can overcome the natural tendency of the cell to generate electricity and drive a non-spontaneous chemical reaction in the reverse direction, converting it into an electrolytic cell.
spontaneous
Electrons flow in the opposite direction.
it requires added energy
Electrolytic cell
A galvanic cell can become an electrolytic cell by applying an external voltage that is of opposite polarity to the cell's spontaneous voltage. This external voltage can overcome the natural tendency of the cell to generate electricity and drive a non-spontaneous chemical reaction in the reverse direction, converting it into an electrolytic cell.
The standard cell potential for the non-spontaneous reaction between silver and copper ions (Ag+ and Cu2+) is determined by subtracting the reduction potential of Ag+ from that of Cu2+. The cell potential would be negative as the reaction is non-spontaneous, indicating that an external voltage larger than the calculated value would be needed to drive the reaction in the reverse direction.
A cell with a negative voltage charge.
In an electrolytic cell, electrical energy is transformed into chemical energy. This occurs when an external voltage is applied to drive a non-spontaneous redox reaction to produce a desired chemical product.
Spontaneous ...Happens all by itself; typically unpredictableNon-spontaneous...You have to do something to make it happen.
The voltage of an electrolytic cell with nickel and copper electrodes depends on the specific electrolyte used and the concentration of the solutions. Typically, nickel and copper electrodes can have a cell potential of around 0.3 to 0.5 volts when considering their standard reduction potentials. However, in an electrolytic cell, an external voltage is applied to drive the non-spontaneous reactions, which may exceed this value. The actual voltage required will depend on factors such as electrode surface area, temperature, and the specific setup of the cell.
if the external circuit is replaced by a source of electricity that opposes the voltaic cell, the electrode reactions can be reversed.Now,the external source pushes the electrons in the opposite direction and supplies energy or work to the cell so that the reverse non-spontaneous reaction occurs.
In the context of "spontaneous vs non-spontaneous," a reaction is considered spontaneous if it occurs on its own without needing external influence. On the other hand, a non-spontaneous reaction requires external energy input to occur.
spontaneous redox reaction
spontaneous
The overall voltage for the non-spontaneous redox reaction between Mg and Cu can be calculated by finding the difference in standard reduction potentials between the two half-reactions. The standard reduction potentials for Mg and Cu are -2.37 V and 0.34 V, respectively. Therefore, the overall voltage would be (-2.37 V) - (0.34 V) = -2.71 V.