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they can function as gates, channels, or pores. in doing so, they can have a specific affinity for a certain particle, and only allow that particle to go in. or in the case of pores, they are always open, but only allow certain size particles to flow through.

proteins can also couple with an enzyme, such as ATPase, to function in active transport, in which they transfer ions or particles against a concentration gradient and thus give the membrane an electrochemical potential gradient that the cell can use for work

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