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Ayers Rock, or Uluru, in central Australia, is the second largest monolith in the world, second only to Mt Augustus, in Western Australia. Explorer William Gosse, of the South Australian Survey Department, became the first European explorer to visit Ayers Rock, which he sighted on 18 July 1873.

It is not known how ir why Uluru developed, or where it came from, but judging by the position of the rock strata, there is evidence to suggest it formed as the result of a sudden flood, with the sand particles adhering over a short period of time. Uluru-Ayers Rock and the nearby Olgas (also known as Kata Tjuta) are part of the same sandstone slab beneath the Earth's surface. Parts of this sandstone slab tilted 90 degrees, which is why the sandstone layers of Ayers Rock actually run almost vertically, rather than horizontally. Over time, wind and rain gradually eroded away the softer parts of the rock. It is estimated that only one-eighth of Ayers Rock is actually visible above the surface - the rest of it is underground, continuing for 5-6 kilometres.

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