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The property of any waves - sound waves, radio waves (including light waves) - that allow them to penetrate is their frequency, relative to the absorption frequency of the material you want them to penetrate.

If you have a material which resonates at a range of frequencies from 30kHz - 60KHz, for example, and you direct your sound wave of 40kHz at it, the molecules in the material will absorb a lot of the energy of the wave. It''s like pushing a child on a swing at the correct (resonant) frequency to get the child swinging.

Essentially, you are converting the energy of your sound in to heat in the material, and the sound wave does not penetrate; it gets absorbed.

At much higher or lower frequencies (a few Hz or 100's kHz) the material is unable to react to the waves (it's like pushing the child on a swing 100,000 times a second. The child won't swing, she'll just jiggle very slightly, absorbing almost no energy)

The energy is not absorbed by the molecules in the material, and passes through, penetrating deeper in to the material.

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