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The structure on the macrophage that activates T cells is the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecule, specifically MHC class II. Macrophages present processed antigens on these MHC class II molecules to CD4+ T helper cells, initiating T cell activation. This interaction is crucial for the adaptive immune response, as it helps T cells recognize and respond to specific pathogens. Additionally, co-stimulatory signals from other surface proteins on the macrophage are necessary for full T cell activation.
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What are the steps in cell mediated immune process?
Antigen presentation: Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) process and present antigens to T cells. T cell activation: APCs activate T cells by binding to their T cell receptors and providing co-stimulatory signals. T cell proliferation and differentiation: Activated T cells undergo clonal expansion and differentiate into effector T cells, such as cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells. Target cell destruction: Effector T cells recognize and kill infected or abnormal cells through various mechanisms, such as releasing cytotoxic molecules or activating other immune cells.
What T-cell causes the B-cell lymphocyte to multiply in response to an infection?
Helper T-cells, also known as CD4+ T-cells, are responsible for activating B-cells in response to an infection. Helper T-cells recognize antigens presented by B-cells and release cytokines that stimulate B-cell proliferation and antibody production. This interaction is important for the adaptive immune response to effectively combat infections.
What activates the B and T cells?
Naive T cells are activated by antigen presenting cells (dendritic cells). This begins when an antigen (eg. bacterial protein) is taken up/detected by a dendritic cell. In order for the T cell to become activated, it requires 3 different signals:1. MHC (Major Histocompatibilty Complex) presenting foreign antigen to a T cell receptor -> creates specificity so that the T cell relates to this antigen2. B7 (on dendritic cell) binds to CD28 (on T cell) - this is known as the co-stimulatory signal. This is basically how the T cell knows that it is interacting with a "professional" antigen presenting cell. Without this signal, the T cell will not be activated by the MHC/antigen signal.3. Cytokines - these are signalling molecules released by the dendritic cells and stimulate T cell differentiation (tells the T cells what functions to undergo).
What structure is part of a muscle cells membrane that delivers signals to sarcomere?
The transverse (T) tubules are structures in a muscle cell's membrane that deliver signals from the cell surface to the sarcomeres, which are the contractile units of the muscle cell. These T-tubules help coordinate muscle contraction by allowing the signal for muscle contraction to penetrate deeply into the cell.
Is T cell activation antigen specific?
Yes. The first signal that a T cell receives from an antigen presenting cell (dendritic cell) is MHC presenting an antigen (foreign peptide). This gives the T cell specificity to this antigen.
A large white blood cell that can destroy substances such as cell debris dust pollen and pathogens by the process of phagocytosis?
The white blood cell described is likely a macrophage. Macrophages are immune cells that engulf and digest foreign particles, such as cell debris, dust, pollen, and pathogens, through a process called phagocytosis. They play a vital role in the immune response by helping to eliminate harmful substances from the body.
What kind of cell can engulf bacteria or make antibodies?
Inside the human body, a particular type of white blood cell called a macrophage will engulf and digest bacteria.
Where are the T tubules located within the muscle cell structure?
T tubules are located within the muscle cell structure, specifically in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
What activates a helper T-cell in the immune response process?
A helper T-cell is activated in the immune response process when it recognizes a specific antigen presented by an antigen-presenting cell. This interaction triggers the helper T-cell to release signaling molecules that coordinate and enhance the immune response.
A white blood cell necessary for B cells to develop normal levels of antibodies?
Well firstly an antigen presenting cell like dendritic cell or macrophage is needed. Secondly you also need a T cell that is complementary to the B cell. B cell will only become plasma cell when it receives the full signal 1. Stimuli: CD4 from T cell interacting with BcR/antigen complex on B cell 2. Co-stimuli: CD40L (CD154) on T cell interacting with CD40 on B cell This interaction allows T cell to secrete IL4, this binds to IL4R on B cell thus receive signal for proliferating and differentiating.
What are the steps in cell mediated immune process?
Antigen presentation: Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) process and present antigens to T cells. T cell activation: APCs activate T cells by binding to their T cell receptors and providing co-stimulatory signals. T cell proliferation and differentiation: Activated T cells undergo clonal expansion and differentiate into effector T cells, such as cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells. Target cell destruction: Effector T cells recognize and kill infected or abnormal cells through various mechanisms, such as releasing cytotoxic molecules or activating other immune cells.
How do the receptor molecules on the surface of T-lymphocytes able to recognize different peptides on the surface of the macrophage?
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What healing properties has Chinese herbalism demonstrated in medical research?
T-cell and macrophage activity and interferon production was increased in patients using the Chinese herbs ganoderma, lentinus, and polyporous, helping the body fight cancer cells.
Why does a macrophage place antigens on its surface?
When a macrophage engulfs a foreign antigen, it phagocytizes it (or breaks it down) using enzymes. The fragments (called epitopes) of the original antigen are transported to the cell surface so that helper T-cells that specifically match the antigen can recognize it. When that happens, the helper-T cells are able to trigger a specific immune response to that exact antigen by stimulating more helper-T cells to be produced and by triggering B-cells to secrete antigen-specific antibodies that mark infected cells for destruction by killer T-cells.
What T-cell causes the B-cell lymphocyte to multiply in response to an infection?
Helper T-cells, also known as CD4+ T-cells, are responsible for activating B-cells in response to an infection. Helper T-cells recognize antigens presented by B-cells and release cytokines that stimulate B-cell proliferation and antibody production. This interaction is important for the adaptive immune response to effectively combat infections.
Is there a Chinese herb to help fight cancer?
Research also showed that T-cell and macrophage activity and interferon production were increased in patients using the Chinese herbs ganoderma , lentinus, and polyporus, helping the body fight cancer cells
How does the t-tubule structure contribute to the contraction of muscle fibers?
The t-tubule structure in muscle fibers helps transmit electrical signals deep into the cell, allowing for coordinated contraction of the muscle fibers.
