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The quark model was independently proposed by Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig in 1964. This was well before computers were powerful enough to analyze any data from particle accelerator collision observations (the CDC 6600 supercomputer was just introduced that year).

The devices for making these observations at the time were cloud chambers, bubble chambers, spark chambers, etc. and photographs of the trails were taken and visually analyzed by humans.

It probably was not until the late 1960s when minicomputers became widely available that data from more advanced detectors could be collected and the data disks or tapes taken to large scientific mainframes for computer analysis.

So the actual technologies used to develop the model were:

  • particle accelerators - e.g. van de graaff machines, cyclotrons, synchrotrons, betatrons
  • detection devices - e.g. cloud chambers, bubble chambers, spark chambers
  • Photography
  • measurement tools - e.g. protractors, length scales
  • electromechanical calculators
  • etc.
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