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Galileo promoted the Copernican model of the planets, with the Sun at the centre. The church told him not to say it was the absolute truth but just to teach it as a theory for predicting the planets' positions, pending more conclusive proof. He discovered things with his telescope that raised doubts about the old Ptolemaic system with the Earth at the centre. The moons of Jupiter were definitely not orbiting the Earth, and the full range of Venus's phases were a major failure of the Ptolemaic theory.

Galileo maintained this must prove that the Copernican theory must be right: but Tycho produced a model with the Earth at the center that correctly predicted the full range of Venus's phases.

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