0
The first place that a translated protein is modified is in the lumen of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. This is generallyglycosylation, or the addition of sugar molecules to the protein. This happens when the translated protein enters the lumen of the ER through its pore. The signal sequence (very first part of a translated protein) enters the pore aided by the signal sequence recognition protein SRP. In the rER lumen the protein assumes its tertiary shape as well. Glycosylation also occurs in the Golgi apparatus, specifically, the first modification in the Golgi is in the first part of the Golgi, the CIS Golgi network. The Golgi packages and modifies the protein for their distribution.
What else can I help you with?
Do all proteins start with methionine?
Proteins have undergone post-transcriptional modifications, thus may not start with methionine after it has been modified.
What are some specific studies of gene silencing?
Gene silencing has several specific studies including Meiotic, Transcriptional, Post-transcriptional, and Cellular components of gene silencing. Gene silencing is basically when scientists turn off a gene, so to speak.
What levels of gene expression control allows a cell to conserve the most resources?
Post-transcriptional and translational control of gene expression are more efficient in conserving resources compared to transcriptional control. These mechanisms allow a cell to quickly adjust protein levels without having to create new mRNA molecules. Additionally, post-translational modifications can fine-tune protein activity without the need for de novo synthesis.
What are four ways transcription is repressed?
Transcriptional repression can happen by four different mechanisms. The first method involves competition between transcriptional activators and repressors for binding to DNA. A DNA binding site can either be bound by a transcriptional activator or repressor. For example, binding of a transcriptional repressor to an enhancer element will block the binding of a transcriptional activator. The second method gives rise to transcriptional activators and repressors to bind to different DNA sequences. Transcription can be blocked if the transcriptional repressor can physically bind to the activator and thereby blocks its activity. The third method describes the direct physical contact between the transcriptional repressor and the mediator complex. The mediator complex is unable to phosphorylate RNA Polymerase II. The fourth method is shown by the transcriptional repressor recruiting the HDAC proteins. As a result, the acetyl groups are removed from histone proteins. This increases the positive charge on the core histones. This tightens the grip they have on DNA.
What happen when there are mistakes made during protein synthesis?
The ribosomes are the " workbench " of protein synthesis with the rough ER accepting some polypeptide chains from the ribosomes studding it into it's lumen for modification. Then the modified proteins are shipped to the Golgi for further modification and shipment to wherever they are needed.
What is the process of post-transcriptional modification?
Post-transcriptional modification is a process in cell biology by which, in eukararyotic cells, primary transcript RNA is converted into mature RNA. A notable example is the conversion of precursor messenger RNA into mature messenger RNA (mRNA), which includes splicing and occurs prior to protein synthesis. This process is vital for the correct translation of the genomes of eukaryotes as the human primary RNA transcript that is produced as a result of transcription contains both exons, which are coding sections of the primary RNA transcript.
Do all proteins start with methionine?
Proteins have undergone post-transcriptional modifications, thus may not start with methionine after it has been modified.
What are some specific studies of gene silencing?
Gene silencing has several specific studies including Meiotic, Transcriptional, Post-transcriptional, and Cellular components of gene silencing. Gene silencing is basically when scientists turn off a gene, so to speak.
What levels of gene expression control allows a cell to conserve the most resources?
Post-transcriptional and translational control of gene expression are more efficient in conserving resources compared to transcriptional control. These mechanisms allow a cell to quickly adjust protein levels without having to create new mRNA molecules. Additionally, post-translational modifications can fine-tune protein activity without the need for de novo synthesis.
What are four ways transcription is repressed?
Transcriptional repression can happen by four different mechanisms. The first method involves competition between transcriptional activators and repressors for binding to DNA. A DNA binding site can either be bound by a transcriptional activator or repressor. For example, binding of a transcriptional repressor to an enhancer element will block the binding of a transcriptional activator. The second method gives rise to transcriptional activators and repressors to bind to different DNA sequences. Transcription can be blocked if the transcriptional repressor can physically bind to the activator and thereby blocks its activity. The third method describes the direct physical contact between the transcriptional repressor and the mediator complex. The mediator complex is unable to phosphorylate RNA Polymerase II. The fourth method is shown by the transcriptional repressor recruiting the HDAC proteins. As a result, the acetyl groups are removed from histone proteins. This increases the positive charge on the core histones. This tightens the grip they have on DNA.
Eukaryotes show which kinds of control mechanisms is it transcriptional transcript processing translational post translational or all of these?
Eukaryotes exhibit control mechanisms at all levels, including transcriptional, transcript processing, translational, and post-translational regulation. These mechanisms work together to finely regulate gene expression and protein production in response to various internal and external signals.
How is gene expression regulated?
The gene expression is regulated from transcriptional initiation, to RNA processing, and to the post-translational modification of a protein. The regulation of the genes helps to either decrease or increase the production of a specific gene products.
What class of RNA contains methylated purines?
Transfer RNA (tRNA) contains methylated purines, particularly in the loop of the anticodon stem-loop structure. Methylation of adenine and guanine residues occurs as a post-transcriptional modification process to enhance tRNA stability and functionality in protein synthesis.
What are three types of post-translational modification?
methylation lipidation glycosylation phosphorylation
Is descent with modification caused by natural selection?
No, it's the other way around: descent with modification is what you need for natural selection to happen.
What happen when there are mistakes made during protein synthesis?
The ribosomes are the " workbench " of protein synthesis with the rough ER accepting some polypeptide chains from the ribosomes studding it into it's lumen for modification. Then the modified proteins are shipped to the Golgi for further modification and shipment to wherever they are needed.
Which level of primary control in the eukaryote gene activity involves changes in the polypeptide chain before?
The primary level of gene control in eukaryotes that involves changes in the polypeptide chain before translation is post-transcriptional modification. This refers to alterations made to the pre-mRNA transcript, such as splicing out introns and adding a 5' cap and poly-A tail. These modifications prepare the mRNA for translation into a functional protein.
