Erwin Schrodinger
Electrons -- in energy levels outside the nucleus. Protons in the nucleus. Neutrons in the nucleus.
All have few outer energy level electrons which are loosely held by the atom.
de broglie explain stability of atom by explaining that like in standing waves energy does not transfer and as we say that every shell has definite energy so the electron exist in atom in form of waves as whole number of standing waves
Electrons in the outer shell, also known as valance electrons, determine how an atom will react. To be more precise I should add that there are transition state elements whose reactivity is also influenced by some of the inner electrons as well.
The Bohr model was an attempt to explain the structure of the hydrogen atom, specifically the discrete energy levels of electrons and the transitions between these levels that produce spectral lines. It proposed that electrons orbit the nucleus in fixed circular paths at specific distances, or energy levels.
The Aufbau principle is a rule in chemistry that states electrons fill the lowest energy levels in an atom first before moving to higher energy levels. This principle helps explain the arrangement of electrons in an atom, with electrons occupying orbitals in a specific order based on their energy levels.
The electron can either be by itself outside of an atom, or can be in an atom in a series of energy 'shells' outside of the nucleus.
Atoms form chemical bonds to achieve a full outermost energy level by sharing, gaining, or losing electrons. Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom, and having a full outermost energy level makes the atom more stable. This stability is achieved when there are eight electrons in the outermost energy level, known as the octet rule.
The concept of Bohr quantization explains the discrete energy levels of electrons in an atom by proposing that electrons can only exist in specific orbits around the nucleus, each with a quantized energy level. This means that electrons can only occupy certain energy levels, leading to the observed discrete energy levels in an atom.
Electrons at ground state have the lowest energy levels in an atom. They can lose energy by emitting a photon of light or by participating in a chemical reaction. This energy loss can cause the electron to move to a lower energy level or to be released from the atom altogether.
Valence electrons are the highest energy electrons in an atom.
Electrons in the outermost energy shell of an atom are called valence electrons.
valence electrons
When an atom is heated in a burner flame, electrons in the atom are excited to higher energy levels. As the electrons return to their original energy levels, they release energy in the form of light. The specific color produced depends on the amount of energy released, which is unique to each element.
A boron atom has three electrons in its second energy level.
An atom with seven electrons will have five electrons in the second energy level.
Electrons -- in energy levels outside the nucleus. Protons in the nucleus. Neutrons in the nucleus.