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This is a really great question that I often drill into my students heads. During the attack of an alkyl halide by a nucleophile, we see the electrons from the Nucleophile emptying into the anti-bonding orbital present at the rear of the carbon atom. It is at this position..... backside.....that the large-lobed anti-bonding orbital is located. This is seen in the SN2 process. In an SN1 process, a carbocation can form,,,,, resulting in an sp2 intermediate....which can readily be attacked by a nucleophile. Halogens such as I- are excellent leaving groups since the anion is stable. F- is a poor leaving group, since the huge negative charge is so concentrated that is results in an unstablized anion.
What else can I help you with?
Preparation of ether by williamsons synthesis?
In a Williamson synthesis, an ether is formed by reacting an alcohol and a alkyl halide in the presence of a base. To form the ether R-O-R', one starts with R-OH and R-X, where X is a halogen, typically bromine or chlorine. When mixed with the base, like NaOH, the alcohol is deprotonated, leaving a negatively charged oxygen. This acts as a nucleophile and attacks the carbon bonded to the halogen. The halogen, a good leaving group, is released, leaving behind R-O-R'. This reaction works the best when using primary alcohols and halogens, and will not go at all with tertiary alkyl halides. Ideally, the halide should be on the less substituted of the R groups.
Could a camera casing melt in very cold temperature?
This is a good question. Soldiers had a lot of issues with this during the cold war when being attacked by planes dropping napalm on them.
How are radicals formed when two atoms only combine when they have extra electron or they lack an electron?
Radicals generally only occur when the chemical bond of a molecule is broken such that both resulting compounds both remain neutral in respect to the original compound ( there is no positive or negative ion formed ). a good example of this is the cleavage of the carbon chlorine bond by ultraviolet radiation in the ozone layer of chlorinated hydrocarbonds, the result is a chlorine radical (Cl with 7 electrons and no charge) and a radical with the alkyl group
What properties does rutherfordium possess to classify as a metal?
Rutherfordium is a synthetic radioactive element that belongs to the actinide series of the periodic table. It is expected to possess typical properties of a metal, such as being a solid at room temperature, exhibiting metallic luster, good electrical conductivity, and malleability. However, due to its radioactive nature and short half-life, its properties have not been extensively studied.
What is minerals good for?
It is good as it contains iron which is good for blood
Why primary alkyl halides show sn2 mechanism?
Primary alkyl halides favor SN2 mechanisms because they have less steric hindrance compared to secondary or tertiary alkyl halides. The SN2 mechanism involves a single-step backside attack of the nucleophile on the electrophilic carbon, requiring good nucleophile and leaving group properties. Additionally, primary alkyl halides have better leaving groups, such as halides, which further favor the SN2 reaction pathway.
Why alkyl iodide cannot be prepared directly?
Alkyl iodides cannot be prepared directly by iodination of alkanes because iodine is not a good enough electrophile to react with an alkane under typical reaction conditions. Alkyl iodides are usually prepared indirectly by reacting an alkyl halide with a soluble iodide salt in the presence of a mild oxidizing agent.
What are halogen derivative of alkane?
Well, honey, a halogen derivative of an alkane is simply an alkyl halide. It's when you replace one or more hydrogen atoms in an alkane with a halogen atom like fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. So, if you take good ol' methane and swap out a hydrogen for a chlorine, you've got yourself a halogen derivative of an alkane. Easy peasy lemon squeezy.
Preparation of ether by williamsons synthesis?
In a Williamson synthesis, an ether is formed by reacting an alcohol and a alkyl halide in the presence of a base. To form the ether R-O-R', one starts with R-OH and R-X, where X is a halogen, typically bromine or chlorine. When mixed with the base, like NaOH, the alcohol is deprotonated, leaving a negatively charged oxygen. This acts as a nucleophile and attacks the carbon bonded to the halogen. The halogen, a good leaving group, is released, leaving behind R-O-R'. This reaction works the best when using primary alcohols and halogens, and will not go at all with tertiary alkyl halides. Ideally, the halide should be on the less substituted of the R groups.
Are alkyl nitrate poppers stimulants or hallucinogens?
Alkyl nitrate poppers are classified as stimulants due to their vasodilatory effects, which lead to increased heart rate and blood flow. They do not cause hallucinations like traditional hallucinogens.
What are the structural formula for alcohols?
The structural formula for alcohols is R-OH, where R represents an alkyl group. Alcohols contain a hydroxyl (-OH) group attached to a carbon atom of an alkyl group. The specific structure will vary depending on the alkyl group attached to the hydroxyl group.
What sentence can you make using defense?
The man had very good defense when he was attacked.
What is a good sentence with the word sudden?
All of a sudden a wild badger attacked me.
What are 5 examples of lithium?
The alkali metals (Li, Na, K etc.) and the alkaline earth metals (Mg and Ca, together with Zn) are good reducing agents, the former being stronger than the latter. Sodium, for example, reduces elemental chlorine to chloride anion (sodium is oxidized to its cation), as do the other metals under varying conditions. In a similar fashion these same metals reduce the carbon-halogen bonds of alkyl halides. The halogen is converted to halide anion, and the carbon bonds to the metal (the carbon has carbanionic character). Halide reactivity increases in the order: Cl < Br < I. The following equations illustrate these reactions for the commonly used metals lithium and magnesium (R may be hydrogen or alkyl groups in any combination). The alkyl magnesium halides described in the second reaction are called Grignard Reagents after the French chemist, Victor Grignard, who discovered them. The other metals mentioned above react in a similar manner, but the two shown here are the most widely used. Although the formulas drawn here for the alkyl lithium and Grignard reagents reflect the stoichiometry of the reactions and are widely used in the chemical literature, they do not accurately depict the structural nature of these remarkable substances. Mixtures of polymeric and other associated and complexed species are in equilibrium under the conditions normally used for their preparation.R3C-X + 2Li --> R3C-Li + LiX An Alkyl Lithium ReagentR3C-X + Mg --> R3C-MgX A Grignard ReagentThe metals referred to here are insoluble in most organic solvents, hence these reactions are clearly heterogeneous, i.e. take place on the metal surface. The conditions necessary to achieve a successful reaction are critical.First, the metal must be clean and finely divided so as to provide the largest possible surface area for reaction.Second, a suitable solvent must be used. For alkyl lithium formation pentane, hexane or ethyl ether may be used; but ethyl ether or THF are essential for Grignard reagent formation.Third, since these organometallic compounds are very reactive, contaminants such as water, alcohols and oxygen must be avoided.These reactions are obviously substitution reactions, but they cannot be classified as nucleophilic substitutions, as were the earlier reactions of alkyl halides. Because the functional carbon atom has been reduced, the polarity of the resulting functional group is inverted (an originally electrophilic carbon becomes nucleophilic). This change, shown below, makes alkyl lithium and Grignard reagents unique and useful reactants in synthesis.
What good happened when porcupine attacked brian?
Nothing good happend he tried to pull one of the pricks out and started crying.
Why I'm not feeling good?
You are not feeling good because your body must be attacked by a disease. You should see a doctor for medication.
Why is camouflaging a good way for animals to protect themselves?
because if they can't be found they won't get attacked.
