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When molten metal is poured to produce a casting, it must first flow into all of the regions of the mold cavity and then freeze into the new shape. The flow and freeze must occur in the proper sequence, if the metal starts to freeze before it has completely filled the mold the defect known as cold shuts is produced.

The ability of a metal to flow is known as fluidity and casting alloys are selected for their fluidity. The single greatest contributing factor in controlling fluidity is the pouring temperature. The higher the pouring temp. the greater the fluidity. Using to high a pouring temp. will cause chemical reactions between the metal and the mold, and the metal and its pouring atmosphere will be accelerated, causing large amounts of gas to be dissolved.

If the metal is to runny a defect known as penetration can result. This is caused by the metal flowing into the small voids between the particles that make up a sand mold. the surface of this casting would contain small particles of embedded sand, this defect is called penetration.

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