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Aldehydes and ketones undergo a variety of addition reactions primarily due to the presence of the carbonyl group (C=O), which is polar. This polarity makes the carbon atom electrophilic, allowing it to attract nucleophiles. When a nucleophile attacks the carbonyl carbon, it leads to the formation of a tetrahedral intermediate, facilitating further reactions. This reactivity is a key feature that distinguishes aldehydes and ketones from other functional groups.
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Why KCN fail to react with aldehyde and ketones?
KCN does not react with aldehydes and ketones because these compounds do not have an acidic hydrogen that can be removed to form an enolate ion, which is necessary for nucleophilic addition reactions with cyanide ions. Aldehydes and ketones lack the necessary alpha carbon acidity to undergo this reaction with KCN.
Do carbohydrates essentially act as ketones or aldehydes n their reactions?
Carbohydrates can be converted into ketones or aldehydes through various chemical reactions. For example, during metabolism, some carbohydrates can be converted into ketone bodies in the liver. In addition, certain carbohydrates can undergo oxidation reactions to produce aldehyde functional groups.
Aldehydes generally undergo nucleophilic addition more readily than ketones Explain?
aldehydes have at least one hydrogen bond in their structure,hence they do not cause much hindrances to attacking nucleophiles.ketones on the other hand have at least 2 methyl groups attached to their structure hence,the methyl group cause steric strains hence makes it difficult for the attacking nucleophile to bond with the carbonyl carbon.in this case aldehydes wiil be able to react with nuclephiles faster than ketones.
How will you characterize the rate of reaction of an aldehyde compared to an aliphatic aldehyde?
Typically aromatic groups attached to functional groups increase the reaction over that of an aliphatic groups. Aromatic aldehydes (e.g. benzaldehyde, C6H5.CHO), are also known which undergo a number of chemical reaction which do nor occur for aliphatic aldehydes and which are unique to aromatic aldehydes.
Why aldehydes give positive test for Fehling's test but ketones give negative test?
Aldehydes give a positive result in Fehling's test because they can be oxidized to carboxylic acids, reducing the Cu^2+ ions in the Fehling's solution to insoluble Cu2O, which forms a brick-red precipitate. In contrast, ketones are generally resistant to oxidation under the mild conditions of the test and do not undergo a similar reduction, leading to a negative result. This difference in reactivity is primarily due to the structure of aldehydes, which have a hydrogen atom attached to the carbonyl carbon, making them more susceptible to oxidation.
Why KCN fail to react with aldehyde and ketones?
KCN does not react with aldehydes and ketones because these compounds do not have an acidic hydrogen that can be removed to form an enolate ion, which is necessary for nucleophilic addition reactions with cyanide ions. Aldehydes and ketones lack the necessary alpha carbon acidity to undergo this reaction with KCN.
What is the principles of tollen's test?
The principle of Tollens' test is to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones. It involves the reduction of silver ions to silver metal in the presence of aldehydes, which results in the formation of a silver mirror on the inner surface of the test tube. Ketones do not give a positive Tollens' test because they do not undergo this reaction with silver ions.
Do carbohydrates essentially act as ketones or aldehydes n their reactions?
Carbohydrates can be converted into ketones or aldehydes through various chemical reactions. For example, during metabolism, some carbohydrates can be converted into ketone bodies in the liver. In addition, certain carbohydrates can undergo oxidation reactions to produce aldehyde functional groups.
Aldehydes generally undergo nucleophilic addition more readily than ketones Explain?
aldehydes have at least one hydrogen bond in their structure,hence they do not cause much hindrances to attacking nucleophiles.ketones on the other hand have at least 2 methyl groups attached to their structure hence,the methyl group cause steric strains hence makes it difficult for the attacking nucleophile to bond with the carbonyl carbon.in this case aldehydes wiil be able to react with nuclephiles faster than ketones.
How are ketone and aldehydes related?
Aldehydes and ketones contain the carbonyl group C=O.
Why do some nucleophiles undergo conjugate addition to the double bond while others add directly to the acyl carbon in alpha-beta unsaturated aldehydes and ketones?
The addition depends on many factors, among which steric factor and tempreture factors are important. Generally low temp favours 1,4 addition
How will you characterize the rate of reaction of an aldehyde compared to an aliphatic aldehyde?
Typically aromatic groups attached to functional groups increase the reaction over that of an aliphatic groups. Aromatic aldehydes (e.g. benzaldehyde, C6H5.CHO), are also known which undergo a number of chemical reaction which do nor occur for aliphatic aldehydes and which are unique to aromatic aldehydes.
Why are ketones not easily oxidised?
Ketones are not easily oxidized because they lack a hydrogen atom directly attached to the carbonyl carbon. This makes it difficult for ketones to undergo oxidation reactions compared to aldehydes, which have a hydrogen atom on the carbonyl carbon that can be readily oxidized to a carboxylic acid.
What happen when ethanol is heated with bleaching powder and water?
When ethanol is heated with bleaching powder (calcium hypochlorite) and water, it can undergo oxidation to form acetaldehyde. The bleaching powder provides the chlorine necessary for this oxidation reaction to occur. This reaction is typically used in organic chemistry for the transformation of alcohols into aldehydes or ketones.
Why only methyl ketones give iodoform test?
Methyl ketones like acetone can undergo oxidation reaction with iodine and sodium hydroxide to form iodoform due to the presence of the methyl group (-CH3). The reaction involves the formation of a carboxylate ion intermediate that contains an acidic hydrogen atom on the methyl group, which leads to the production of iodoform. Other ketones lacking the methyl group do not undergo this reaction.
What is the class of compound when no precipitates formed with fehling and tollens reagent?
The compound is likely a ketone. Ketones do not react with Fehling's or Tollens' reagent to form precipitates, unlike aldehydes which would undergo redox reactions resulting in a visible change.
Why aldehydes give positive test for Fehling's test but ketones give negative test?
Aldehydes give a positive result in Fehling's test because they can be oxidized to carboxylic acids, reducing the Cu^2+ ions in the Fehling's solution to insoluble Cu2O, which forms a brick-red precipitate. In contrast, ketones are generally resistant to oxidation under the mild conditions of the test and do not undergo a similar reduction, leading to a negative result. This difference in reactivity is primarily due to the structure of aldehydes, which have a hydrogen atom attached to the carbonyl carbon, making them more susceptible to oxidation.
