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What are the factors of immunogenicity?
The immune system is what mounts an immune response. It complex and consists of various barriers: chemical barriers, inflammation, general cellular barriers, and the specific barriers like antibodies.
What term does not belong protein complete antigen nucleic acid hapten?
The term "hapten" does not belong in the list because it is not a complete antigen. Haptens are small molecules that can bind to antibodies, but they are unable to induce an immune response on their own.
What are hormones that make cells resistant to viruses?
Interferons are a group of signaling proteins released by cells in response to viral infections. They help to induce a state of resistance in neighboring cells, making them less susceptible to viral replication and spread. Additionally, some hormones like cortisol can also play a role in modulating the immune response against viruses.
What is the cytokine which is produced to stimulate macrophages and cause death of cancer cells?
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a cytokine produced to stimulate macrophages and induce cell death in cancer cells. It plays a role in the immune response against cancer by promoting inflammation and cell death in tumor cells.
Does the helper T cell secrete fever-producing chemicals?
Helper T cells do not directly secrete fever-producing chemicals. Instead, they play a crucial role in coordinating the immune response by releasing cytokines, which can stimulate other immune cells and influence the inflammatory response. Some of these cytokines, like interleukin-1 (IL-1), can act on the hypothalamus to induce fever as part of the body's defense mechanism against infection. Thus, while helper T cells contribute to fever indirectly through cytokine release, they do not produce fever-inducing substances themselves.
What feature of a virus helps induce an immune response in the body?
The feature of a virus that helps induce an immune response in the body is its antigens, which are specific molecules found on the virus's surface. These antigens are recognized by the immune system as foreign invaders, prompting the production of antibodies and activating immune cells to fight the infection. The recognition of viral antigens is crucial for the development of adaptive immunity, allowing the body to remember and respond more effectively to future infections by the same virus.
The administration of treated microorganisms or material from a pathogen into humans or animals to induce an immune response?
vaccine
What is the difference between antibodies and antigens?
Antigen is a substance that can induce the generation of antibodies, any substance that can induce immune response. Antibody is a protective protein produced by the body in response to an antigen.
Why is a transplant consisting of fetal tissue less likely to provoke an immune rejection response than tissue from an adult?
Fetal tissue has lower levels of antigens, which are markers that the immune system recognizes as foreign. This makes fetal tissue less likely to provoke an immune response compared to adult tissue, which has a higher amount of antigens. Fetal tissue also has a higher ability to induce immune tolerance.
Why does an inactivated vaccine induce only a humoral response?
T-cell memory is very important for long-lasting immunity, because T-cells control both humoral and cell mediated immunity.When the immune system recognizes a foreign antigen for the first time, an immune response is produced. When T cells are involved, immunological T-cell memory is produced. When the body encounters same antigen subsequently, a stronger immune response is produced. This is because of existing immunological memory against that antigen. Further antigenic stimulus increases the immune response. First antigenic stimulus is "priming"whereas subsequent stimuli are "booster". This is the principle of active immunization.
Why it is hard to treat autoimmune diseases?
Mainly because if you reduce overall immune response, there is a great risk for infection. It is still being worked out how to induce tolerance to self antigens
What is a particulate antigen?
A particulate antigen is a type of antigen that consists of particles, such as viruses, bacteria, or other microbial components. These particles can induce an immune response by being recognized by immune cells, leading to the production of antibodies and activation of immune defenses. Particulate antigens are often used in vaccines to stimulate a strong and targeted immune response.
What would cause pain in the armpit after H1N1 shot?
It may be unrelated to the vaccination, but may also represent your body's normal immune response since the lymph glands can be swollen and sore from infections and the body's response to infections or to vaccines simulating infections to induce an immune response. If this lasts more than a few days, contact your health care professional to determine if this is something else or if there is anything to be done about it.
Macromolecules that induce the immune system to make certain responses?
antigens
What are the factors of immunogenicity?
The immune system is what mounts an immune response. It complex and consists of various barriers: chemical barriers, inflammation, general cellular barriers, and the specific barriers like antibodies.
How the microbes causing meningitis and typhoid fever can induce fever and systemic shock in an infected patient?
Microbes causing meningitis and typhoid fever can induce fever and systemic shock through the release of endotoxins or exotoxins, which trigger an inflammatory response in the host. In meningitis, bacteria such as Neisseria meningitidis can release lipopolysaccharides (LPS) that activate immune cells, leading to the release of cytokines and subsequent fever. In typhoid fever, Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi can similarly provoke a strong immune response, resulting in systemic inflammation and shock. This overwhelming immune response can lead to complications like septic shock, characterized by severe hypotension and multi-organ dysfunction.
What antigen does not create immunologic memory?
Antigens that do not create immunologic memory are typically associated with non-specific immune responses, such as certain components of the innate immune system. For example, antigens from pathogens that do not elicit a robust adaptive immune response, like some polysaccharides from bacteria, may not lead to the formation of memory B or T cells. Additionally, antigens that are rapidly cleared or those that induce tolerance rather than an immune response may also fail to generate immunologic memory.
