An Antigen is considered as any foreign particle that enters the body such as dust, food and any microorganisms.
An Immunogen is any foreign particle that triggers an response from the body's immune system.
Consequently, all Immunogens are Antigens, but not all Antigens are Immunogens.
To be considered an Immunogen, the particle has to have all the following characteristics:
1- Has enough Atomic Mass to be recognized by T cells and Antigen Presenting cells
2- Be significantly different from all of our cells or metabolites.
3- Must have a defined secondary and tertiary structure (has to be firm to form an epitope)
4- Has to be an antigen
eg: Carbohydrates are not a highly immunogenic antigen, since they are made of glucose which is essential for our body's metabolism. Moreover, our body has the ability to store glucose as glycogen.
An Adjuvant is a compound that increases the immunogenicy of antigens when mixed together.
Any foreign particle interact with Antibody or T cell is antigen. Interaction is non-covalent and highly specific. Antigen that evoke immune response is called Immunogen. An immunogen usually has a fairly high molecular weight (usually greater than 10,000), thus, a variety of macromolecules such as proteins,lipoproteins, polysaccharides, some nucleic acids, and certain of the teichoic acids, can act as immunogens.
The key differences between direct and sandwich ELISA techniques are in the way they detect antigens. In direct ELISA, the antigen is directly attached to the plate and detected using a labeled antibody. In sandwich ELISA, the antigen is captured between two antibodies, one attached to the plate and the other labeled for detection.
Sandwich ELISA directly detects the antigen using two antibodies, while indirect ELISA detects the antigen using a primary antibody and a secondary antibody that binds to the primary antibody.
Indirect ELISA and sandwich ELISA are two types of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays used in laboratory testing. In indirect ELISA, the antigen is immobilized on the surface, and a primary antibody binds to the antigen. Then, a secondary antibody linked to an enzyme is added to detect the primary antibody. In sandwich ELISA, the antigen is captured by a primary antibody that is immobilized on the surface. A second antibody linked to an enzyme is then added to bind to a different epitope on the antigen, forming a "sandwich" complex. The main difference between the two methods is the way in which the antibodies are used to detect the antigen. In indirect ELISA, the primary antibody is detected by a secondary antibody, while in sandwich ELISA, the antigen is "sandwiched" between two antibodies for detection.
The key difference between direct ELISA and sandwich ELISA techniques lies in the way they detect antigens. In direct ELISA, the antigen is directly attached to the plate and detected using a labeled antibody. In sandwich ELISA, the antigen is captured between two antibodies, one attached to the plate and the other labeled for detection.
An Immunogen is foreign particle that triggers the body's immune system where as Antigen is also a foreign particle , due to its low molecular weight it is unable to trigger immune system. Example for antigen is Hapten
Some antigen types include bacterium and immunogen.
Any foreign particle interact with Antibody or T cell is antigen. Interaction is non-covalent and highly specific. Antigen that evoke immune response is called Immunogen. An immunogen usually has a fairly high molecular weight (usually greater than 10,000), thus, a variety of macromolecules such as proteins,lipoproteins, polysaccharides, some nucleic acids, and certain of the teichoic acids, can act as immunogens.
An antibody is a glycoprotein that is produced by plasma cells. It consists of heavy chains and light chains. An antigen is a molecule that interacts with an antibody (or T-Cell). When the antigen interaction induces an immune response it is known as an immunogen.
the most effective immunogen is proteins
When mixed with an immunogen, it enhances the immune response against the immunogen
The key differences between direct and sandwich ELISA techniques are in the way they detect antigens. In direct ELISA, the antigen is directly attached to the plate and detected using a labeled antibody. In sandwich ELISA, the antigen is captured between two antibodies, one attached to the plate and the other labeled for detection.
Sandwich ELISA directly detects the antigen using two antibodies, while indirect ELISA detects the antigen using a primary antibody and a secondary antibody that binds to the primary antibody.
A soluble antigen is a viral antigen that remains after the virus has been removed. A particulate antigen is produced by particles such as dust and germs.
mention factors affecting antigenicity 1) molecular weight of antigen. e.g. protein is a good antigen as compare to lipid or nucleic acid. 2) invecivness of antigen, that is due to toxins or chemicals secreted by the antigen 3) degredibility: antigen should be degreted in body so that body immune system can react against them. 4) complexicity of antigen
Basically to explain this, an antigen is any type of pathogen that causes disease, while an antibody is something that combats against the antigen.
Indirect ELISA and sandwich ELISA are two types of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays used in laboratory testing. In indirect ELISA, the antigen is immobilized on the surface, and a primary antibody binds to the antigen. Then, a secondary antibody linked to an enzyme is added to detect the primary antibody. In sandwich ELISA, the antigen is captured by a primary antibody that is immobilized on the surface. A second antibody linked to an enzyme is then added to bind to a different epitope on the antigen, forming a "sandwich" complex. The main difference between the two methods is the way in which the antibodies are used to detect the antigen. In indirect ELISA, the primary antibody is detected by a secondary antibody, while in sandwich ELISA, the antigen is "sandwiched" between two antibodies for detection.