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Formerly, endoscope optics consisted of a series of thin converging "relay lenses", creating a succession of images in the air spaces between them. Following the innovation by Harold H Hopkins, the thin lenses in air were replaced by thin air lenses in glass. In other words, each lens consisted of a rod, with convex polished surfaces at each end. This increased the light throughput, and avoided the metal spacer rings needed in the old design. Some endoscopes instead use bundles of fiber optics to convey the image, which renders them flexible.

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