because they are stable
why do alkali metels not show +2 oxidation state
Halogens exhibit variable oxidation states primarily due to their ability to gain or lose electrons. They have seven valence electrons and can achieve a stable octet by either gaining one electron (resulting in a -1 oxidation state) or losing their valence electrons in certain compounds, leading to positive oxidation states. Additionally, the presence of d-orbitals in heavier halogens allows for further oxidation states through bonding and electron sharing. This versatility in electron configuration contributes to their wide range of oxidation states.
Ruthenium and Osmium both show the oxidation state of +8, which is highest known for any single metal ion.
Because they have only one electron in their valency shell. The second oxidation state would require the atom to lose an electron from its penultimate shell which is full.
Never. iron shows either +2 or +3 oxidation state but in Fe3O4 its oxidation state is seems to +4 but it is actually mixture of one moles FeO and one mole Fe2O3 , (FeO.Fe2O3 = Fe3O4).
why do alkali metels not show +2 oxidation state
d-block elements show variable oxidation states because their outermost d orbitals are able to participate in bonding and can accommodate a variable number of electrons. This flexibility allows these elements to exhibit different oxidation states depending on the chemical environment and bonding partners.
Halogens exhibit variable oxidation states primarily due to their ability to gain or lose electrons. They have seven valence electrons and can achieve a stable octet by either gaining one electron (resulting in a -1 oxidation state) or losing their valence electrons in certain compounds, leading to positive oxidation states. Additionally, the presence of d-orbitals in heavier halogens allows for further oxidation states through bonding and electron sharing. This versatility in electron configuration contributes to their wide range of oxidation states.
When halogens bind to more electropositive elements (compared it itself), they show -1 oxidation state. When halogens bind to more electronegative elements (compared it itself), they show +1 oxidation state.
It is rarely, but manganese can show the valence 5+.
All are radioactive and all of them can show the oxidation state of +3
Ruthenium and Osmium both show the oxidation state of +8, which is highest known for any single metal ion.
The oxidation state of a metal is typically indicated numerically in a compound to show the charge on the metal atom. This is important for determining the reactivity and bonding behavior of the metal within the compound.
Because they have only one electron in their valency shell. The second oxidation state would require the atom to lose an electron from its penultimate shell which is full.
Zinc typically exhibits an oxidation state of +2, where it loses two electrons. It is rare for zinc to have other oxidation states, but in certain compounds or complexes, such as in zinc oxide (ZnO) or zinc hydroxide (Zn(OH)2), it can show an oxidation state of +1.
ClO2- shows a disproportionation reaction because in this species, the oxidation state of chlorine is in between -1 (in Cl-) and +4 (in ClO4-), which allows for both oxidation and reduction to occur in the same compound. ClO4- does not undergo disproportionation as the oxidation state of chlorine is already at its highest state, +7, making further oxidation not possible.
Never. iron shows either +2 or +3 oxidation state but in Fe3O4 its oxidation state is seems to +4 but it is actually mixture of one moles FeO and one mole Fe2O3 , (FeO.Fe2O3 = Fe3O4).