Group 3A elements, including aluminum, gallium, and indium, typically exhibit trivalency due to their three valence electrons, which allows them to form stable +3 oxidation states. However, some divalent compounds, like GaCl₂, can exist, particularly in specific coordination environments or under certain conditions. These compounds often result from the involvement of d-orbitals or can be stabilized by unique bonding scenarios, but they are less common and generally less stable than their trivalent counterparts. The existence of such divalent compounds highlights the versatility of bonding in these elements, though trivalency remains the predominant state.
A validation study addresses the questions of what a test measured (construct validity) and how well it measured it (criterion validity and reliability). Construct validity examines if the test measures the intended construct or trait. Criterion validity examines if the test results predict or correlate well with other measures. Reliability examines the consistency and stability of the test scores over time.
Validity is the extent to which a measurement tool actually measures what we wish to measure.
In his periodic table, Dmitri Mendeleev left three blank spaces for elements that had not yet been discovered. He predicted the properties of these elements based on their position in the table, suggesting that they would fit into the framework he established. Mendeleev's foresight was validated when subsequent discoveries, such as gallium, scandium, and germanium, matched his predictions, reinforcing the validity of his periodic law.
Repeated trials of said experiment.
direct observation
I think that with reliability we mean that the plans tha you propose are based on some spesific and realistic elements. With validity I think that we mean that these elements are true and modern.
If you gain internal validity do you lose external validity
for Gate exam there is a validity but i think for pgeset there is no validity.
The elements of evaluation criteria typically include clarity (specific and measurable), relevance (aligned with goals), feasibility (achievable within resources), validity (accurate and reliable), and fairness (unbiased and transparent).
examples of internal and external validity
others type of validity of a test other than content
Validity generalization is a statistical approach used to demonstrate that test validities do not vary across situations
Internal validity is the degree to which the results are attributable to the independent variable and not some other explanations.External validity is the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized.
Causal validity is also referred to as internal validity. It refers to how well experiments are done and what we can infer from those results.
others type of validity of a test other than content
others type of validity of a test other than content
others type of validity of a test other than content