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Atoms of an element do not become radioactive, they are radioactive. This is because their nuclei are unstable.

The nucleus of an atom contains protons and these are positively charged electrically. When you squeeze a lot of bodies with the same charge tightly together the charges repel one another strongly and the nucleus wants to (and does) fly apart. This is the driver for radioactivity.

To enable the large atomic nuclei of the heavier elements to exist, you must space out the protons in the nucleus with neutral particles called neutrons. The presence of the neutrons and how many of them there are help stabilise atomic nuclei and slows down the rate of radioactive decay in certain configurations of packing.

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