so that its depletion layer is narrower... when a high reverse voltage is applied across the junction the electron hole generation takes place.....
Effective is an interesting choice of word : depending on usage the answer is gold, silver, aluminum, copper, or heavily doped silicon ... resistance to corrosion, conductivity, light weight, availability, or location.
will there be any structural changes when divalent is doped with trivalent
Yes, the spatial density of electrons and holes in semiconductors can be described by the Boltzmann distribution under certain conditions, particularly when the semiconductor is not heavily doped and when thermal equilibrium is maintained. In such cases, the concentration of carriers can be approximated by the Boltzmann relation, which expresses the density of carriers as a function of energy and temperature. However, in heavily doped semiconductors or under non-equilibrium conditions, deviations from the Boltzmann distribution occur, necessitating more complex models like Fermi-Dirac statistics.
What's the silicon doped with? Antimony? Arsenic? Phosphrus? And, much more importantly, how heavily is the silicon doped? Are there 1020 electrons per meter-3 or is 1025 electrons per meter-3 more the order of the day? Graphite is used as a conductor in some electrochemical cells. Processed and compressed graphite is used as brush material in electric motors. Without more information, the best answer that can be offered is a bit general. What is the electrical conductivity of n-type silicon graphite? Pretty good.
The electrical conductivity is modified.
Zener diode is heavily doped pn junction diode.
A zener diode has a heavily doped p-n junction allowing electrons to tunnel from the valence band of the p-type material to the conduction band of the n-type material, such that the reverse voltage is "clamped" to a known value, called the zener voltage.
Silicon "zener diodes" with a zener voltage rating of 5.6V or higher operate mainly by avalanche breakdown, so both the 6.2V and 24V "zener diodes" are avalanche breakdown type (not zener breakdown type).
If PN regions in a Zener diode are heavily doped, the breakdown voltage decreases due to the increased electric field strength at the junction. This heavy doping leads to a thinner depletion region, allowing the Zener breakdown to occur at lower voltages. Consequently, such a Zener diode can effectively regulate voltage at a specified lower level, making it suitable for low-voltage applications. However, excessive doping may also affect the diode's stability and performance characteristics.
Zener diodes are normally operated in their reverse breakdown voltage curve.
First off, I don't know if by current flow you mean conventional current flow or electron current flow. You realize they are in opposite directions and most electronics engineers use conventional current flow in circuit analysis.Ignoring this, I will assume your real question is "Why does current flow backwards in zener diodes compared to ordinary diodes?" The answer is that zener diodes are not operated in the forward biased range as are ordinary diodes, instead they are operated in the reverse biased range. When reverse biased enough any diode reaches breakdown voltage and suddenly conducts. Most ordinary diodes can be destroyed by breakdown, but zener diodes are designed to tolerate it. In zener diodes, this breakdown is referred to as "zener breakdown" and the voltage it happens at the "zener voltage".Low voltage zener diodes can still be used in the forward biased mode, like ordinary diodes. However most high voltage zener diodes have a "blocking diode" that is not documented on the data sheet to block forward biased operation. "Blocking diodes" are simply ordinary diodes wired in series with the zener; when the zener would be forward biased they are reverse biased (and thus blocking current), when the zener would be reverse biased they are forward biased.
Zener diodes are a form of semiconductor diode that are widely used in electronics circuits as voltage references. Zener diodes provide a stable and defined voltage and as a result Zener diode circuits are often used in power supplies when regulated outputs are needed. Zener diodes are cheap and they are also easy to use and as a result they are used in many applications and many circuits.
You do not want to replace diodes with zener diodes. They are not the same type of device, and the design objective is not the same.
sadasx
Zener diodes and ordinary junction diodes are similar, except that zener diodes have additional doping to bring their reverse breakdown voltage into a more usable value, and to allow them to not destructively avalanche when they do conduct in the reverse direction.
pn junction diode conducts current in one directions where as the zener diode conducts in both the directions. large current flow damage the PN junction diode but zener diode conducts eventhough there is a large current........
Zener diodes differ from normal p-n junction diodes in that they have a reduced reverse breakdown voltage and, in fact, we normally operate zener diodes in reverse bias to take advantage of the relatively stable voltage regulation it provides.