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a silent mutation is one that doesn't affect the overall physiological role or roles of the species, so it has no change or noticeable change in the subject. A missense mutation simply causes one amino acid to change into a different amino acid, it could cause a problem or it could not. A frameshift is when an amino acid is removed. The removal moves all amino acids hereafter over one, which changes the codon sequence of the entire gene. This mutation can be detrimental. A nonsense mutation is usually classified as a premature stop codon. It's a point mutation that can cause a gene to become smaller than it really is. an inversion is the reversal of a gene, which is also very problematic. Translocations are removal of one amino acid, which is then transferred to a separate nonhomologous chromosome. A gene rearrangement is just another name for a duplication, inversion, or deletion.

It's not one sentence, but it is a hell of a lot of good information.

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