According to earthsky.org, that bright star next to the full moon in the early evening in early August, 2009, is Jupiter.
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In September 2009, the star or planet that appeared near the moon in the southern sky would likely have been the planet Jupiter. Jupiter is often visible to the naked eye and appears as a bright object near the moon in the night sky.
You are seeing the planet Venus near the crescent moon around February 28 or March 1 2009. You know it's Venus, because it is the 3rd brightest object in the sky, after the Sun and Moon itself.
Yes, Jupiter is currently the brightest thing in the night sky, not counting the moon.
In January 2009, the bright object near the moon in the western sky was likely the planet Venus. Venus is often visible in the evening sky and can appear as a bright point of light near the moon. This celestial pairing is a beautiful sight to observe.
The penumbral lunar eclipse on August 6, 2009 is too minor to be visible anywhere, and would not be visible in Australia in any case. The full Moon will be partially dimmed by about 5%. You won't notice a thing.
On 30th July 2017 the bright planet near the Moon just after sunset is Jupiter. Mercury is also visible in the lower part of the sky.
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The August 6 2009 lunar eclipse will not be "visible" period. It's a partial penumbral eclipse, meaning that a portion of the moon will dim slightly. The difference in brightness is too small to notice simply by looking, though astronomers using special equipment will be able to detect it.
The moon orbits the Earth, so it is always visible from some point on Earth.
That depends a lot on where you live! The Moon is not visible from all places on Earth at the same time.