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Short answer: Angle.

Let us assume we are illuminating a human on a theater stage.

Front lighting are the fixtures that point to the front side of the human when they are standing towards the audience.

Back lighting is the opposite. That means the light fixtures which are pointing to the back of the human.

Cross lighting is when two, or more, lighting fixtures point at the human from varying places. For example, if there's both, front light and back light, those can be considered as cross lighting. Also, to illuminate the front side of a human completely, you usually need at least two lighting fixtures for that, one slightly to the left and one slightly to the right side of the human. This is also called cross lighting.

Down lighting is light coming from up (ceiling) and going down. This is as opposed to up lighting, which is when a light fixture is on the floor, pointing upwards. Generally, most of theatrical lighting comes from up, thus being down lighting, but for a special effect, down lighting can be used too.

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Q: Front lighting.. back lighting.. cross lighting and down lighting are all terms used to describe?
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