Modular monolithic kernel example is Linux.
don't need to confuse on monolithic and modular kernel. if we need to divide a single module of kernel in separate module to make handle easy we can do at the configure time of kernel but these kernel module having only in kernel space.
Monolithic Kernel
- single binary file
- all drivers include in kernel itself.
Modular kernel
- Multiple files for kernel
- Drivers can be loaded or unloaded into kernel using modprob command, see man page of lsmod, modprob etc when
- Almost all drivers are build and linked against kernel
actual mean of modular kernel in linux :
some part of the system core will be located in independent files called modules that can be added to the system at run time. Depending on the content of those modules as
1. only loading drivers if a device is actually found
2. only load a filesystem if it gets actually requested
3. only load the code for a specific (scheduling/security/whatever) policy when it should be evaluated
Those modules are still running in the kernel space and not in user space, so the kernel architecture is still monolithic.
The OS makes calls to the system kernel (although sometimes the kernel is bundled with the OS). Applications make their calls to the OS, which then makes calls to the kernel.
A reentrant kernel enables processes to give away the CPU while in kernel mode ,not hindering other processes from also entering kernel mode. A typical use is IO wait. The processes wants to read a file..It calls a kernel function for this. Inside the kernel function,the disk controller is asked for the data . Getting the data will take some time & the function is blocked during that time. With an reentrant kernel,the scheduler will assign CPU to another process until an interrupt from disk controller indicates that the data is available and our thread can be resumed . This process can still access IO,like user input
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User-level threads have the advantage of being lightweight and can be managed without kernel intervention, allowing for faster thread switching. However, they are limited in their ability to utilize multiple processors efficiently and can be blocked by system calls made by a single thread. Kernel-level threads, on the other hand, offer better performance on multi-core systems and can take advantage of kernel features, but they are heavier in terms of resource consumption and switching between threads can be slower due to kernel involvement.
Micro-Kernel: A micro-kernel is a minimal operating system that performs only the essential functions of an operating system. All other operating system functions are performed by system processes. Monolithic: A monolithic operating system is one where all operating system code is in a single executable image and all operating system code runs in system mode
The kernel is the inner softer part of a seed, fruit stone, or nut.The kernel is a program that constitutes the central core of a computer operating system.
In computing, a system call is the mechanism used by an application program to request service from the operating system based on the monolithic kernel or to system servers on operating systems based on the microkernel-structure.(Wikipedia) For the source and more detailed information concerning your request, click on the related links section (Answers.com) indicated at the bottom of this answer box.
You don't indicate what area you are asking about for scheduling - job, task, sequencing, kernel, so it is not possible to give a concise answer.
The latest stable kernel is 4.14 and the latest long-term support kernel is 4.9.
The OS makes calls to the system kernel (although sometimes the kernel is bundled with the OS). Applications make their calls to the OS, which then makes calls to the kernel.
kernel and shell is of importance because it allows the operating system to run.
A reentrant kernel enables processes to give away the CPU while in kernel mode ,not hindering other processes from also entering kernel mode. A typical use is IO wait. The processes wants to read a file..It calls a kernel function for this. Inside the kernel function,the disk controller is asked for the data . Getting the data will take some time & the function is blocked during that time. With an reentrant kernel,the scheduler will assign CPU to another process until an interrupt from disk controller indicates that the data is available and our thread can be resumed . This process can still access IO,like user input
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