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On most computer systems, a small piece of code known as the bootstrap program or bootstrap loader locates the kernel loads it into main memory and startsits execution. Some computer systems, such as PCs, use a two-step process in which a simple bootstrap loader fetches a more complex boot program from disk, which in turn loads the kernel. The bootstrap program can perform a variety of tasks. Usually, one task is to run diagnostics to determine with the booting steps. It can also initialize all aspects of the system, from CPU registers to device controllers and the contents of main memory. Sooner or later, it starts the operating system.

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4y ago

Consider a system that would like to run both Windows 7 and two

different distributions of Linux (e.g., Ubuntu, and Gentoo). Each

operating system will be stored on disk. During system boot-up, a

special program (boot manager) will determine which operating

system to boot into.

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Q: How could a system be designed to allow a choice of operating system to boot from. what would the bootstrap program need to do?
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How could a system be be designed to allow a choice of operating from which to boot?

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Related questions

Why do you need to use bootstrap What is the advantage and disadvantage of using bootstrap?

Without a bootstrap it would be impossible to boot a computer system but that's not really an advantage, it's a fundamental aspect of any computer system. The term "bootstrap" derives from the phrase: "to lift oneself up by one's own bootstraps". This is clearly an impossibility, not unlike standing in a carrier bag and then trying to lift the bag with you still in it; it can't be done. However, as we'll see, it is an apt phrase when it comes to initialising a computer system and provides the origin of terminology such as "boot process" and "bootup". On any computer system, most software is loaded and executed by other software that has previously been loaded and executed. For instance, the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) performs some essential checks upon the system hardware before loading and executing the boot loader which loads and executes a chosen (or default) operating system, at which point the user can logon and subsequently load and execute their own choice of programs. But given that we require a program or operating system in order to load and execute other programs, this presents us with a paradox during initial bootup. How does the very first program load and execute if there is no program present to load and execute it? The answer lies in the bootstrap. The bootstrap is a machine-code program that is permanently written to a read-only memory chip (ROM). Being read-only, the bootstrap cannot be changed other than by replacing the chip itself. Unlike programs stored in RAM (Random Access Memory), ROM programs do not require power to maintain state. Thus when power is restored to the system, the bootstrap is already in memory and can be executed automatically, at which point the bootstrap takes control of the system. Typically, a bootstrap will simply locate, load and execute the system's BIOS program which takes care of the POST (Power-On Self-Test) and prepares the system to load and execute the boot loader which takes care of the bulk of the boot process until the system is ready to load and execute an operating system, at which point the system has effectively lifted itself up by its own bootstraps.


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