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Historically 17 years
In theatre-speak, a "side" is a kind of partial script: unlike a full script which contains every line, sides only have the lines for a single part, along with the cues. Sides are a major pain in the rump for actors for a lot of reasons: sides don't really give you a good feeling for where your part fits in the overall play, and there's often no indication how much time elapses between lines ... you might deliver a line and get your next cue line back immediately, or there could be ten minutes of other people's dialogue in between. If you're auditioning with them, the director may feed you the cue lines directly one after the other, or you may be part of an ensemble where you'll have to listen carefully (and hope your fellow auditioners don't paraphrase).
In Act 5 Scene 1, Antonio says that he has just that day arrived in town and that he and Sebastian "for three months before, no interim, not a minute's vacancy, both day and night did . . . keep company." It must have been three months between the shipwreck (they appear to have met when Antonio rescued Sebastian) and the last scene. However it is not clear how long after the shipwreck Act 1 Scene 2 takes place. Not long, we assume, as Viola would not have waited three months to find out what happened to Sebastian. But when is this three months' delay? Not after Act 2 Scene 1 when Sebastian arrives in Illyria and thus is the same day as Act 5. Also Act 2 Scene 2 must follow immediately after Act 1 Scene 5 since Malvolio leaves with the ring in the one and arrives in the other. Since Viola is carrying out the embassy to Olivia which she was commissioned to undertake in Act 1 Scene 4, there cannot be much time between scenes 4 and 5, maybe overnight. But in 1,4 Valentine says to Viola about Orsino "he hath known you but three days" Does Viola plan in Act 1 Scene 2 to work for Orsino then wait three months (less three days) to put it into effect? Surely not! We would have to guess that Antonio and Sebastian had already been companions before the shipwreck. Let us say the shipwreck takes place on Saturday, and that's when 1,2 happens. Viola gets a job with Orsino Monday. Three days pass. She is commissioned to woo Olivia (1,4) Thursday and the rest of the play starting with 1,5 takes place on Friday. The action therefore would take a week.
1 Objectives and functions 1.1 OS as a user/computer interface - Usability The reason for an operation system to exist is to make computers more convenient to use. An OS aims to wrap the underneath hardware resources and provides services to end users in a systematic way. These services may be divided into two types: services directly available for end users through all kinds of I/O devices, such as mouse, keyboard, monitor, printer, and so on; and services for application programs, which in turn provides services for end users. If we look on these services as interfaces among different components of a computer system, then the following hierarchical architecture may be obtained: Users Programmer | | | v | | +---------------+ | | | Applications | v | +-------------------------+ | OS designer | Utilities | v | +------------------------------+ | | OS | V +-----------------------------------+ | Hardware | +-----------------------------------+ It is also common to consider Utilities and Applications that are distributed together with an OS parts of the OS, but obviously they are not essential. Utilities are usually called libraries or APIs, providing frequently used functions for the upper-level applications. 1 From the point of view of end users, a computer system consists of a variety of applications they may use. An application is developed by programmers in a programming language. The higher level the utilities are, the easier and more comfortable it is for programmers to code in the corresponding programming language; or the lower, the harder. In an extreme case, the assembly language is almost the same as machine instructions except that mnemonic symbols are used to replace binary strings or opcodes. In this kind of language, programmers have to deal with an overwhelmingly complexity of manipulating computer hardware. On the contrary, in a higher-level language, more user-friendly APIs are available, e.g. opening a file by calling open("C:/filename.txt", "rw") 1.2 OS as resource manager - Efficiency It is not the OS itself but the hardware that makes all kinds of services possible and available to application programs. An OS merely exploits the hardware to provide easily accessible interfaces. Exploitation means management upon the hardware resources, and thus also imposes control upon or manages the entities that use the services so that the resources are used efficiently. In the classes later on, we will discuss this aspect, including process scheduling, memory management, I/O device management, etc. One thing worth mentioning here is that, different from other control systems where the controlling facility, the controller, is distinct and external to the controlled parts, the OS has to depend on the hardware resources it manages to work. +-------------------+ +------------+ | | | | | Controlled | | Controller |-------->| components | | | | | +------------+ +-------------------+ As we know, an OS is in nature a program, consisting instructions, thus it also needs CPU to execute instructions so as to function as a controller, and main memory to hold instructions for CPU to fetch. At the same time, the OS has to be able to relinquish and regain later the control of CPU so that other programs can get chance to run but still under the control of the OS (An analogy to this is that an administrator of an apartment building might live in the same building himself). By utilizing the facilities provided by hardware, the OS may schedule different processes to run at different moments and exchange the instructions and data of programs between external storage devices, like hard disks, and main memory. These topics will be covered as the course proceeds. 2 1.3 Evolution of OS - Maintainability It does not suffice to simply consider an operating system an unvariable unit. An OS may evolve while time elapses due to the following reasons: • hardware upgrades or new types of hardware: With hardware technologies development, the OS also needs to upgrade so as to utilize the new mechanisms introduced by new hardware. For example, Pentium IV extended instruction set of Pentium III for multimedia applications and internet transmission. An OS designed for the previous versions of Intel x86 series will have to be upgraded to be able to accommodate these new instructions. • new services: An OS may also expand to include more services in response to user demand. • fixes: No software is perfect, and any program may contain more or less bugs or defects, thus fixes should be made from time to time. Microsoft Windows is a vivid example of this kind. These situations all require OS designers to build an OS in the way that the system can be maintained and upgraded easily. All the common software design techniques may be applied to an OS, such as modularization. With modularization, the OS is split into multiple modules with clearly defined interfaces between them. Thus, as long as the interfaces are left untouched, each single module may be upgraded independently.
is the time that elapses between issuing replenishment order and receiving the material in stores.
It isn't specifically stated but most assume that it is only a matter of a few minutes from beginning to end.
The amount of time that elapses between each of the four principal phases of the moon is 29.5 days. The phases are roughly equal to each other.
The time that elapses between 4 am and 8 pm is 16 hours.
Around 9 months.
a wash
Elapses
It has passed or gone by.
latent period
10 minutes + 14 minutes = 24 minutes = 40% of an hour
8 years
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