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They are not! It is a prevalent myth that the elements are organized so that elements with the same configuration are organized into the same group, but all that really matters is the number of valence electrons, and that much is guaranteed by the arrangement in order of atomic number.

So we have for example in group 10, Ni with configuration [Ar] 3d8 4s2 , Pd with configuration [Kr] 4d10 , and Pt with configuration [Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s1.


Group 4 is characterized (supposedly) by the electron configuration d2 s2 but thorium which has this configuration is not placed in this group but in the actinides.


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