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First, to explain the on/off switch:

There is an electrical wire connected to the switch. When the switch is in the [ON] position, it is called a closed circuit, when electricity can run through to power the light bulb. When the switch is in the [OFF] position, the switch stops touching the wires, and it is called an open circuit, where the circuit is broken and the electricity cannot flow.

Second, light bulbs:

Normal incandescent light bulbs are powered when an electric current runs through their filament. Incandescent bulbs' filaments are very thin, and when electricity runs through them they become so hot they glow bright yellow to white.

How come the filaments don't burn up? That was a problem Thomas Edison came across when he tried to make incandescent light bulbs; the filaments burned up. He solved that problem by making a vacuum inside the bulb - No air means no Oxygen, and no Oxygen means no burning. (vacuum means absolutely no gas or air inside an area.) However, he had to make very thick walls for that style of bulb. Today, we fill incandescent bulbs with non-reactive gas at the same pressure as outside air, so bulb walls can be nearly paper-thin.

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