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The simplest answer to this question would be that in free space the path loss between the transmitter and the receiver would equal (4 * pi * the distance in meters * frequency in hertz / the speed of light in meters per second) to the power of 2. If you know the power radiated from the transmitter, you can calculate the signal strength at a receiver a given distance away.

Since free space only exists in theory, formulas for real scenarios get more complex from here but this is a start.

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