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There are five (and only five) types of superstring theory which are
free of mathematical inconsistencies. The adjective "super" means
that the string theory entails both fermions (matter, like quarks and
electrons) and bosons (force carriers, such as the photon and gluon),
and is thus capable of describing everything in the Universe.
Type I - the first to be discovered, this is the only superstring
theory which contains both open and closed strings (think of broken
and unbroken rubber bands) which can link up with one another or break
apart. All the other types deal exclusively with closed strings. The
open strings can carry charges, labels which identify the particle, on
their free ends.
Type IIA and Type IIB - the first is "non-chiral" and the second is
"chiral". Non-chiral means that a certain particle in the theory can
spin along its direction of motion or opposite to its direction of
motion. In the chiral theory, this particle can only spin one way.
Another word for chirality is "handedness". For example, most screws
are right-handed because they advance when rotated clockwise. If all
the screws in your theory were right-handed, then your theory would be
chiral. If your theory contains both right- and left-handed screws,
then your theory is non-chiral. Of the five superstring theories,
only Type IIA is non-chiral.
Type II theories have two "supersymmetries", while the other three
theories have only one supersymmetry. Briefly, a supersymmetry is a
relation between fermions and bosons.
SO(32) Heterotic and E8 x E8 Heterotic - "heterotic" means that
vibrations propagating around the closed string in one direction are
distinct from vibrations propagating around in the opposite direction;
that is, they correspond to completely different particles.
The first is based on a symmetry called SO(32), which is the
32-dimensional analog of rotations. For example, a two-dimensional
circular disk can be rotated in the plane and still appears the same
-- it has symmetry SO(2), for rotations in two dimensions. A sphere
in three dimensions has rotational symmetry SO(3).
The second is based on two copies of the E8 symmetry. This theory
describes two parallel universes which can only interact with each
other through the gravitational force. We inhabit one copy; the other
copy is referred to as the "shadow" universe. A shadow planet could
in theory exist very close to Earth, but we would not be able to see
it because its shadow photons would not interact with our eyes. In
fact, shadow matter could pass right through ordinary matter because
the shadow quarks and shadow electrons do not "feel" ordinary quarks
and electrons. We could, however, feel the shadow planet's gravity.
These five superstring theories and eleven dimensional supergravity
(which is not a string theory) are related by duality transformations.
That is, one theory in a certain limit looks like another theory in a
different limit. Because it is possible to transform any of these six
theories into any other, they all appear to be limiting cases of one
all-encompassing theory dubbed "M-theory".
Taken from Randall Scalise, Faculty, Physics, Southern Methodist University
Source is linked.
What else can I help you with?
How do I know what style and strength of strings I should get for a bass?
There are four-string, five-string, and even six-string basses. If you are starting out, go for a four-string. You can play pretty much anything on a four-string bass, and it's best not to complicate matters when you are just getting started. The advantage of the five-string is that it goes lower, down to a B. Modern funk and pop often use these lower notes for a heavy bottom. The six-string bass extends the instrument's scale on both ends.
How can I make a Newton's cradle at home?
To make a Newton's cradle at home, you will need five same-sized metal or plastic balls, a string or wire, and a sturdy frame to hang the balls from. Attach the balls to the string or wire so they can swing freely, and then hang them from the frame. When one ball is pulled back and released, it will transfer its energy to the next ball, creating the classic back-and-forth motion of a Newton's cradle.
What are the five demensions?
In spacetime, there are four dimensions: - Height - Width - Depth - Time I'm not sure what the fifth dimension might be, I think M-Theory or String Theory takes it all the way up to 11 dimensions, but I'm guessing that's not what you're after.
How do you build a parachute for a small object like a toy?
The simplest way to make a parachute for a small toy is to take a handkerchief and some string. Cut the string into five equal lengths, and tie four of them to the corners of the handkerchief, being careful to keep the tails equal in length. Then tie the four ends evenly spaced along the fifth string. Tie the fifth string round the toy, making sure the four strings tied to it are still equally spaced. That will give you a rudimentary parachute.
How did the high five become invented?
The third Thursday of every April is National High Five Day. This gesture was named by "five" fingers and the lifting of the hand "high". to the "low" five which has been a part of the African American culture since at least World War II. It's probably impossible to know exactly when the low first transitioned to a high. Magic Johnson once said that he invented the high five at Michigan State. Others have said it originated in the women's volleyball circuit of the 1960s.
What are the five theories of the state?
The five theories of the state are the Pluralist theory, the Elite theory, the Marxist theory, the Functionalist theory, and the Systems theory. Each of these theories offers a different perspective on how power is distributed and how the state functions within a society.
State and explain five similarities between memorandum of association and articles of association?
they both have the same state of amarica
What is the lowest string on a double bass?
The lowest string on a four string double bass is an E string. If you have a fairly rare five string double bass then the lowest fifth string is a B string.
How do you explain five traits of the entrepreneurial ventures?
explain five traits in the entrepreneurial ventures.
Name and explain five resources of an Operating System?
name and explain five categories of opareting system
What are Theories of power to explain the relationship between appraiser and appraisee?
Theories of power such as French and Raven's five bases of power (reward, coercive, legitimate, referent, expert) can explain the dynamics between appraiser and appraisee. The appraiser's use of these power bases influences the appraisee's perception of the appraisal process and can impact their motivation and performance. Balancing power dynamics is important for a fair and effective appraisal system.
How many tuning pegs does a guitar have?
Depends on how many strings the guitar has, A regular six string guitar will have six, a seven string guitar will have seven, a twelve string guitar will have twelve. Same thing with bass guitars Regular four string has four tuning pegs where as a five string bass has five,
When do you use a 5 string bass guitar?
A five-string bass is used to expand the range of notes which can be played on it. Either you add a string that has higher notes, or a string that has lower notes, as compared to a four-string bass.
What is the fifth string on a five string bass guitar?
I tune my 5th (lower) string to B. Others make the uppermost string the 5th and tune it to A. Others do neither, and have their own tunings. The 5th string is just another string used for playing.
Each of these is a type of acoustic guitar except what?
five string
Draw a Z80 processor and explain five of its pin function?
draw the Z80 processor and explain five of its pin function
What are the 5 main instruments in the string family?
ViolinViolaCelloBassHarp
