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The fundamental principles of thermodynamics are based on the laws of conservation of energy and entropy. These principles govern the transfer of energy and heat in a system, as well as the direction of spontaneous processes. The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or converted. The second law of thermodynamics states that in any spontaneous process, the total entropy of a system and its surroundings will always increase. These principles are essential for understanding and predicting the behavior of systems in terms of energy and heat transfer.

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