0
Speed (of a wave) = frequency x wavelengthTherefore, you have to:
* Convert the wavelength to meters.
* Divide the speed of light - which is 300 million meters/second - by this wavelength.
The answer will be in Hz.
Wiki User
∙ 7y ago
Add your answer:
Earn +20 pts
How could you use the diffraction of a laser beam by a slit to determine the wavelength of the laser light?
Students will determine the wavelength of a helium neon laser. Students will collect six different sets of measurements in this experiment and use these measurements to solve for the wavelength of the laser. Preparations: Put out one or sets of a laser, screen and two diffraction gratings for student use. The intent is to have the laser beam pass through a diffraction grating resuling in an interference pattern on the screen. Either the screen or the grating will need to be movable since each grating will be used three times at different distances from the screen. Decide ahead of time which object will be moveable. Each of the three distances should yield a clearly observable interference pattern. The photos on the following page show visual representations of the materials, setup, and interference patterns generated during the experiment. A graphic of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths specified is also shown. Procedure: Have students record the diffraction grating lines (mm) and convert them into centimeters to determine the slit width (d). Students will also record the distance from grating to screen (L) and distance from a maximum bright spot to an adjacent maximum bright spot (x). Two different gratings are to be used at three different distances from the screen and measurements recorded. Students will then use these measurements to determine the wavelength of the laser. Connection to APOL Biocomplexity Project: Lasers are of many wavelengths and each type of laser has a particular application based on that wavelength. The lasers used in the APOL project are designed to give a final output of 4.3 x10-6 meters. This is in the mid-infrared range and is invisible to the eye. In this activity, a laser that has an output visible to the eye will be necessary. The He-Ne laser is the most common type of laser in the school environment. Solution: Most schools will use a standard red helium neon laser. The wavelength for this laser is 633 nanometers. Some schools may have access to helium neon lasers of different wavelengths. The results for those lasers should be as follows: Green: 543.5 nm, Orange: 612 nm, and yellow: 594 nm.
What is the mean property of he-ne laser?
A helium-neon laser or HeNe laser, is a type of gas laser whose gain medium consists of a mixture of helium and neon inside of a small bore capillary tube, usually excited by a DC electrical discharge.Contents1 History of HeNe laser development2 Construction and operation3 Applications4 See also5 ReferencesHistory of HeNe laser developmentThe first HeNe laser emitted at 1.15 μm in the infrared and was the first gas laser. However a laser that operated at visible wavelengths was much more in demand, and a number of other neon transitions were investigated to identify ones in which a population inversion can be achieved. The 633 nm line was found to have the highest gain in the visible spectrum, making this the wavelength of choice for most HeNe lasers. However other visible as well as infrared lasing wavelengths are possible, and by using mirror coatings with their peak reflectance at these other wavelengths, HeNe lasers could be engineered to employ those transitions; this includes visible lasers appearing red, orange, yellow, and green.[1] Lasing transitions are known from over 100 μm in the far infrared to 540 nm in the visible. Since visible transitions at wavelengths other than 633 nm have somewhat lower gain, these lasers generally have lower output powers and are more costly. The 3.39 μm transition has a very high gain but is prevented from lasing in an ordinary HeNe laser (of a different intended wavelength) since the cavity and mirrors are lossy at that wavelength. However in high power HeNe lasers having a particularly long cavity, superluminescence at 3.39 μm can become a nuisance, robbing power from the lasing medium, often requiring additional suppression. The best known and most widely used HeNe laser operates at a wavelength of 632.8 nm in the red part of the visible spectrum. It was developed at Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1962,[2][3] 18 months after the pioneering demonstration at the same laboratory of the first continuous infrared HeNe gas laser in December 1960.[4] Construction and operationThe gain medium of the laser, as suggested by its name, is a mixture of helium and neon gases, in approximately a 10:1 ratio, contained at low pressure in a glass envelope. The gas mixture is mostly helium, so that helium atoms can be excited. The excited helium atoms collide with neon atoms, exciting some of them to the state that radiates 632.8 nm. Without helium, the neon atoms would be excited mostly to lower excited states responsible for non-laser lines. A neon laser with no helium can be constructed but it is much more difficult without this means of energy coupling. Therefore, a HeNe laser that has lost enough of its helium (e.g., due to diffusion through the seals or glass) will most likely not lase at all since the pumping efficiency will be too low.[5] The energy or pump source of the laser is provided by a high voltage electrical discharge passed through the gas between electrodes (anode and cathode) within the tube. A DC current of 3 to 20 mA is typically required for CW operation. The optical cavity of the laser usually consists of two concave mirrors or one plane and one concave mirror, one having very high (typically 99.9%) reflectance and the output coupler mirror allowing approximately 1% transmission.Schematic diagram of a helium-neon laser Commercial HeNe lasers are relatively small devices, among gas lasers, having cavity lengths usually ranging from 15 cm to 50 cm (but sometimes up to about 1 meter to achieve the highest powers), and optical output power levels ranging from 0.5 to 50 mW.The red HeNe laser wavelength of 633 nm has an actual vacuum wavelength of 632.991 nm, or about 632.816 nm in air. The wavelength of the lasing modes lie within about 0.001 nm above or below this value, and the wavelengths of those modes shift within this range due to thermal expansion and contraction of the cavity. Frequency-stabilized versions enable the wavelength of a single mode to be specified to within 1 part in 108 by the technique of comparing the powers of two longitudinal modes in opposite polarizations.[6] Absolute stabilization of the laser's frequency (or wavelength) as fine as 2.5 parts in 1011 can be obtained through use of an iodine absorption cell.[7]Energy level diagram of a HeNe laserThe mechanism producing population inversion and light amplification in a HeNe laser plasma [8] originates with inelastic collision of energetic electrons with ground state helium atoms in the gas mixture. As shown in the accompanying energy level diagram, these collisions excite helium atoms from the ground state to higher energy excited states, among them the 23S1 and 21S0 long-lived metastable states. Because of a fortuitous near coincidence between the energy levels of the two He metastable states, and the 3s2 and 2s2 (Paschen notation[9]) levels of neon, collisions between these helium metastable atoms and ground state neon atoms results in a selective and efficient transfer of excitation energy from the helium to neon. This excitation energy transfer process is given by the reaction equations:He*(23S1) + Ne1S0 → He(1S0) + Ne*2s2 + ΔEandHe*(21S) + Ne1S0 + ΔE → He(1S0) + Ne*3s2where (*) represents an excited state, and ΔE is the small energy difference between the energy states of the two atoms, of the order of 0.05 eV or 387 cm−1, which is supplied by kinetic energy. Excitation energy transfer increases the population of the neon 2s2 and 3s2 levels manyfold. When the population of these two upper levels exceeds that of the corresponding lower level neon state, 2p4 to which they are optically connected, population inversion is present. The medium becomes capable of amplifying light in a narrow band at 1.15 μm (corresponding to the 2s2 to 2p4 transition) and in a narrow band at 632.8 nm (corresponding to the 3s2 to 2p4 transition at 632.8 nm). The 2p4 level is efficiently emptied by fast radiative decay to the 1s state, eventually reaching the ground state.The remaining step in utilizing optical amplification to create an optical oscillator is to place highly reflecting mirrors at each end of the amplifying medium so that a wave in a particular spatial mode will reflect back upon itself, gaining more power in each pass than is lost due to transmission through the mirrors and diffraction. When these conditions are met for one or more longitudinal modes then radiation in those modes will rapidly build up until gain saturation occurs, resulting in a stable continuous laser beam output through the front (typically 99% reflecting) mirror. Spectrum of a helium neon laser illustrating its very high spectral purity (limited by the measuring apparatus). The .002 nm bandwidth of the lasing medium is well over 10,000 times narrower than the spectral width of a light-emitting diode (whose spectrum is shown here for comparison), with the bandwidth of a single longitudinal mode being much narrower still.The gain bandwidth of the HeNe laser is dominated by Doppler broadening rather than pressure broadening due to the low gas pressure, and is thus quite narrow: only about 1.5 GHz full width for the 633 nm transition.[6][10] With cavities having typical lengths of 15 cm to 50 cm, this allows about 2 to 8 longitudinal modes to oscillate simultaneously (however single longitudinal mode units are available for special applications). The visible output of the red HeNe laser, long coherence length, and its excellent spatial quality, makes this laser a useful source for holography and as a wavelength reference for spectroscopy. A stabilized HeNe laser is also one of the benchmark systems for the definition of the meter.[7]Prior to the invention of cheap, abundant diode lasers, red HeNe lasers were widely used in barcode scanners at supermarket checkout counters. Laser gyroscopes have employed HeNe lasers operating at 0.633 μm in a ring laser configuration. HeNe lasers are generally present in educational and research optical laboratories.ApplicationsRed HeNe lasers have many industrial and scientific uses. They are widely used in laboratory demonstrations in the field of optics in view of their relatively low cost and ease of operation compared to other visible lasers producing beams of similar quality in terms of spatial coherence (a single mode gaussian beam) and long coherence length (however since about 1990 semiconductor lasers have offered a lower cost alternative for many such applications). A consumer application of the red HeNe laser is the LaserDisc player, made by Pioneer. The laser is used in the device to read the optical disk. A HeNe laser demonstrated at the Kastler-Brossel Laboratory at Univ. Paris 6. See alsoList of lasersReferences^ C. S. Willet "An Introduction to Gas Lasers" Pergamon Press 1974, pages 407-411^ A.D. White and J.D. Rigden, "Continuous Gas Maser Operation in the Visible". Proc IRE vol. 50, p1697: July 1962.^ A. D. White, "Recollections of the First Continuous Visible Laser". Optics and Photonics News vol. 22, p34-39: October 2011.^ Javan, A., Bennett, W.R. and Herriott, D.R.: "Population Inversion and Continuous Optical Maser Oscillation in a Gas Discharge Containing a He-Ne Mixture". Phys. Rev. Lett. 63, 106-110 (1961).^ "Sam's Laser FAQ - Helium-Neon Lasers:".^ a b Niebauer, TM: Frequency stability measurements on polarization-stabilized He-Ne lasers, Applied Optics, 27(7) p.1285^ a b Iodine-stabilized helium-neon laser at the NIST museum site^ Javan, A., Bennett, W. R. and Herriott, D. R.: "Population Inversion and Continuous Optical Maser Oscillation in a Gas Discharge Containing a He-Ne Mixture". Phys. Rev. Lett.6 3, 106-110 (1961).^ Notes on the Paschen notation^ Sam's Laser FAQ
How many Nuclear plants are in Germany?
This is from www.world-nuclear.com. For more on this topic, select 'Germany' on the search bar* Germany obtains one quarter of its electricity from nuclear energy, using 17 reactors. * A coalition government formed after the 1998 federal elections has the phasing out of nuclear energy as a feature of its policy. * A compromise agreement was worked out in mid 2000 and signed into effect in 2001 to limit the operational lives of nuclear power plants to an average of 32 years, deferring any immediate closures.Germany's electricity production in 2006 was 633 billion kWh gross, about 6300 kWh per capita. Coal provides about half of the country's electricity. The country's 17 operating nuclear power reactors, comprising 20.6% of installed capacity, supply about one quarter of the electricity (133 billion kWh net in 2007). Many of the units are large (they total 20,339 MWe), and the last came into commercial operation in 1989. Six units are boiling water reactors (BWR), 11 are pressurised water reactors (PWR). All were built by Siemens-KWU. A further PWR has not operated since 1988 because of a licensing dispute. Responsibility for licensing the construction and operation of all nuclear facilities is shared between the federal and Länder governments, which confers something close to a power of veto to both. When Germany was reunited in 1990, all the Soviet-designed reactors in the east were shut down for safety reasons and are being decommissioned. These comprised four operating VVER-440s, a fifth one under construction and a small older VVER reactor. In 2000 the European Commission approved the merger of two of Germany's biggest utilities, Veba and Viag, to form E.ON, which owned or had a stake in 12 of the country's 19 nuclear reactors then. Germany has about half of Europe's installed wind generating capacity, amounting in 2005 to about 22% of its total capacity. This provided 4.8% of the electricity.
A helium neon laser emits light of wavelength 633 nm Light from an argon laser has a wavelength of 515 nm Which laser emits the higher frequency light?
according to the wave theory of light,we have the relation that wavelength is inversely proportional to the frequency,therefore the electromagnetic wave with the lower wavelength will have higher frequency..
What are all the divisible of 633?
The factors of 633 are 1, 3, 211, 633
What is 6.34?
It is an integer, which is the successor to 633.
What are the divisibles of 633?
1, 3, 211, 633
What are the divisors of 633?
1 3 211 and 633.
What are the factors of 633?
1, 3, 211, 633
What is the factor of 633?
1, 3, 211, 633
What is 659 plus 633?
659 + 633 = 1292
What is 3 divided 633?
0.0047
What is 633 times by 80?
633 multiplied by 80 is 50,640.
How much us dollars is 633 pounds?
£633 is $768.13
What is 633 divided by 4?
158.25
