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There are many types of thermocouples, Themocouples may also be connected in series to make a "thermopile"

The most common thermocouple types are:

Type K (chromel{90 percent nickel and 10 percent chromium}-alumel)(Alumel consisting of 95% nickel, 2% manganese, 2% aluminum and 1% silicon) is the most common general purpose thermocouple with a sensitivity of approximately 41 µV/°C, chromel positive relative to alumel.[7] One of the constituent metals, nickel, is magnetic; a characteristic of thermocouples made with magnetic material is that they undergo a step change in output when the magnetic material reaches its Curie point (around 354 °C for type K thermocouples).

Type E (chromel-constantan)[5] has a high output (68 µV/°C) which makes it well suited to cryogenic use. Additionally, it is non-magnetic.

Type J (iron-constantan) has a more restricted range than type K (−40 to +750 °C), but higher sensitivity of about 55 µV/°C.[2] The Curie point of the iron (770 °C)[8] causes an abrupt change in the characteristic, which determines the upper temperature limit.

Type N (Nicrosil-Nisil) (Nickel-Chromium-Silicon/Nickel-Silicon) thermocouples are suitable for use at high temperatures, exceeding 1200 °C, due to their stability and ability to resist high temperature oxidation. Sensitivity is about 39 µV/°C at 900 °C, slightly lower than type K. Designed to be an improved type K, it is becoming more popular.

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To create a thermocouple one needs thermocouple wire, a means of spot welding the wire, and wire strippers. A thermocouple is used to measure temperature.


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The thermocouple is normally regarded as a high-impedance voltage source. As such, the voltage across it due to temperature is sensed, and processed by an amplifier stage that doesn't rely on it to supply appreciable current. You should think of it as a constant voltage source with a high internal resistance.


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