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The sun produces its thermal energy through nuclear fusion. Gravity forces the stellar matter into a smaller and smaller sphere until the pressures and temperatures at the center of the stellar mass becomes so hot that the star's center supports sustained nuclear fusion reactions, usually combining Hydrogen into Helium. Larger stars go on to combine Helium into Carbon, Carbon into Nitrogen, Nitrogen into Oxygen, Oxygen into Fluorine, and so on.

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In stellar nuclear fusion, the sum of the mass of the elements before the fusion reaction occurs is larger than the sum of the mass of the product elements. This means that some mass has been lost in the process. This "lost" matter has not actually been lost, but has been converted into electromagnetic energy. It is this fusion-driven matter-to-energy conversion process that causes the sun to produce energy.

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