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A runaway chain reaction.

It is called super criticality, with KEffective > 1.

When one fission reaction instigates more than one or more fission reactions it is called a Chain Reaction.

KEffective is the neutron multiplication factor which is an indication of whether a reaction is stable (=1), increasing (>1), or decreasing (<1). Related to this is the reactor period, which is the time it take for the power to change by a factor of e, 2.71828. At KEffective = 1, period is infinity, so the power is stable.

In a weapon, KEffective is almost 2.5, because the average number of neutrons released per fission event is 2.5. In this case, if each neutron causes another fission event, the reactor period is extremely short, on the order of milliseconds, or even shorter, and the power becomes extremely large in a very short period of time.

Complicating this is the tendency for the core to become subcritical (KEffective < 1) due to thermal or density change, which is why the "art" of nuclear weapon design is more involved in how to hold the core together, than it is in actually assembling the core.

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