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P-Delta is a non-linear (second order) effect that occurs in every structure where elements are subject to axial load. It is a genuine "effect" that is associated with the magnitude of the applied axial load (P) and a displacement (delta).

The magnitude of the P-delta effect is related to the:

magnitude of axial load P

stiffness/slenderness of the structure as a whole.

slenderness of individual elements

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