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When a building in an earthquake leans over far enough the force of gravity starts to act on the portion offset from the initial position of the building pulling it down further. That extra pull is called a p-delta effect
The P-delta effect also refers to the second order (i.e. non-linear) effect of forces on the structure. As a results of the displcement, the stiffness changes, which in turn changes the force to be different than the linear analysis.
In a linear analysis, a stiffness matrix K can be defined such that
d = K*f
where f is the vector of forces and d is the vector of displacements.
In a P-delta analysis, there are additional non-linear effects, whether based on iteration or an closed for m solution.
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