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According to most literature, 'free and fair' electoral competition consists in the ability of a universal electorate to compete and contest elections and thereby influence the structure, composition, and direction of the government. However, work in social choice theory, specifically Arrow's Theorem, show that there does not exist a universal electoral system which satisfies all the following conditions:

  • Rationality: people have to prefer things in a logical manner (i.e.) you cannot prefer candidate A to B and B to A simultaneously).
  • Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives (IIA): the introduction of more alternatives does not change the preference people have between two candidates by themselves (e.g.) preferring blueberry to cherry pie does not change if I tell you chocolate pie is now available).
  • Non-Dictatorship: nobody can be a dictator and force society to do what they want.
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