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The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act (1883) mandated that all government jobs except the highest level (Secretary of State, Secretary of Defense, etc.) be awarded on merit and through demonstrated skill instead of by patronage. Patronage is the principle of awarding government jobs to party followers following the election of that party to the Presidency. To enforce this, it also created the United States Civil Service Commission. As per the later Civil Service Reform Act of 1978, the functions of the Civil Service Commission were split between the newly created Office of Personnel Management (OPM), the Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB), the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) , the Federal Labor Relations Authority (FLRA) , and the Office of Special Counsel (OSC).

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