Dictatorship. Or maybe an Empire. Most likely dictatorship.
A government controlled by a single individual is called a dictatorship. The leader makes all the decision for the country.
Traitor
yess
A country's government is call a national government.
Amnesty is the term given to such a pardon. It is an important government term that can allow a person to remain in a country.
...autocrat, or a dictator. Those who don't like him may call him other things as well
We call our government's representative to a foreign country an ambassador. Ambassadors are responsible for representing their country's interests, promoting diplomatic relations, and communicating with the host government.
A person from another country is typically called a foreigner or an international person.
Democratic government with separation of power
An emigrant is a person who leaves their country to settle in another country.
exile
An absolute monarchy is a government in which the ruler holds absolute power over his country. Many absolute monarchs from the past believed that they had a divine right to power from God, and that therefore limits should not be placed upon their power.