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During the seventeenth century, absolute monarchy in Europe took various forms, often characterized by centralized power concentrated in the hands of a sovereign ruler. In France, Louis XIV epitomized absolute monarchy, famously declaring, "L'état, c'est moi" (I am the state), and implemented policies that diminished the power of the nobility. In contrast, Spain's Philip IV faced challenges to his authority, yet still maintained significant control over his vast empire. Meanwhile, in Eastern Europe, monarchs like Peter the Great of Russia sought to modernize and expand their realms through autocratic rule, reflecting the diverse expressions of absolute monarchy across the continent.

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