Castile
French was the major language spoken in most courts and diplomatic circles of Europe in the late seventeenth century. This was largely due to the influence of French culture and the power of France as a dominant European nation during that time.
The traditional example of seventeenth-century absolutism is King Louis XIV of France. He reigned from 1643 to 1715 and is often referred to as the epitome of absolute monarchy, famously declaring, "L'état, c'est moi" ("I am the state"). Louis XIV centralized power, reduced the influence of the nobility, and expanded royal authority, exemplifying the principles of absolutism through his control over the government and his patronage of the arts. His reign marked the height of absolute monarchy in Europe.
During the seventeenth century, absolute monarchy in Europe took various forms, often characterized by centralized power concentrated in the hands of a sovereign ruler. In France, Louis XIV epitomized absolute monarchy, famously declaring, "L'état, c'est moi" (I am the state), and implemented policies that diminished the power of the nobility. In contrast, Spain's Philip IV faced challenges to his authority, yet still maintained significant control over his vast empire. Meanwhile, in Eastern Europe, monarchs like Peter the Great of Russia sought to modernize and expand their realms through autocratic rule, reflecting the diverse expressions of absolute monarchy across the continent.
The Dutch Republic and England in the first half of the century. In the second half, France became the dominant power on the Continent, together with England - then under Dutch king William III.
In the seventeenth century, France was declining in power. The Huguenots were persecuted and even driven away from the country.
The square root of x to the seventeenth power is x to the eighth and a half power. If x is negative, the answer is imaginary.
Germany
Spanish was the leading colonial power in the Americas in the sixteenth century. England did not have any presence in what is now the United States until the early seventeenth century.
If you're talking very late 18th century, the answer would be Napoleon Bonaparte. The rest of the 18th century was not a period of major balance of power-shifts.
1.692665944*10^13
In the early 4th century.