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short answer: religion. Long answer: When the British gave up India they made sure that there would continue to be fighting in that part of the world by opting for partition. Every local government of the Indian subcontinent had existed for centuries with Moslems and Hindus and Christians and Parsis in harmony and peace, but the British saw that if they partitioned India into two separate countriesand forced them to divide by religion, they could cause decades of enmity as revenge for the various mutinies and the Indians insistence on independence.

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