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Newborns have involuntary responses such as sucking and rooting reflexes, which help them with feeding. They also have grasping reflexes, startle reflexes, and stepping reflexes to assist in navigating their new environment and interacting with it. Additionally, newborns have a strong sense of smell and taste, which guides them towards food sources and helps with bonding.

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Q: What tools do newborns have for survival that are involuntary responses to stimuli?
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What are the differences between voluntary actions and reflex actions?

Voluntary actions are consciously controlled movements initiated by the brain, while reflex actions are automatic responses to stimuli that do not require conscious thought. Voluntary actions involve higher brain functions and can be modified based on individual intent, while reflex actions are typically quick, involuntary responses for immediate protection or survival.


What types of responses are observed through Pavlovian conditioning?

Pavlovian conditioning can lead to a variety of responses, including acquisition (learning the association between the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli), extinction (weakening of the conditioned response when the CS is no longer paired with the UCS), spontaneous recovery (reappearance of a conditioned response after a rest period), generalization (responding to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus), and discrimination (ability to differentiate between similar stimuli).


Compare and contrast stimulus and response?

A stimulus is any event or input that evokes a response, while a response is the reaction or behavior triggered by the stimulus. Stimuli can be internal or external, while responses are the observable reactions to stimuli. In summary, stimuli initiate responses, and responses are the reactions to stimuli.


What is response discrimination?

Response discrimination refers to an individual's ability to differentiate between different stimuli or responses and respond accordingly. It involves recognizing and distinguishing subtle differences in stimuli or responses to make accurate and consistent choices or decisions. Response discrimination is crucial for tasks that require precise identification or discrimination among various stimuli.


Does both motives and emotions move us toward stimulus?

Motives are internal factors that drive our behavior towards a goal, while emotions are affective responses to stimuli. Both can influence our responses to stimuli, with motives shaping our goal-directed behaviors and emotions providing the intensity or valence to those responses.