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Reconstruction of St Peter's in Rome was underway in the early 1500s and Pope Leo X needed money to finalise work, and planned to declare indulgences for all who contributed.

Martin Luther, professor of biblical studies and Augustine monk, initially had no plan to abolish indulgences, but to reform their use. He saw their increasing sale as representing much that was wrong with the Church. In 1517, he nailed his 95 theses to the door of the castle church in Wittenberg, calling churchmen to debate their sale. In response, Prierias, Master of the Papal Palace, declared any challenge to the sale of indulgences heretical.

Around the same time, Zwingli, who had served as a chaplain to papal troops, claimed that papal authority was not backed up by the scriptures, and condemned the sale of indulgences.

So, the cost of the reconstruction of St Peter's Cathedral, along with the unwillingness of Leo to find savings elsewhere, led to more and more reliance on the sale of indulgences, which in turn were key points of difference with Luther and Zwingli.

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