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Judaism was founded on the belief that there is only one God. (Somewhat uncoincidentally, the same one of the Christians and Muslims.)

In the times of the Jewish temple, before its destruction by the Romans in AD 60, Jews used to sacrifice animals and burn incense, as well as say certain prayers, such as the Shema, the Aleinu, and the Amidah

However, since its destruction, Jews have worshiped by reading prayers from a prayerbook (as sacrifices can no longer be performed) and an extra prayer - the Musaf - is added on the Sabbath to represent the extra sacrifice customary at that time.

There are also readings from the Torah and tuneful songs sung. The entire service is done in Hebrew, and certain of the older prayers are said in Aramaic.

Answer

There is a misconception that worship in synagogues or in the home began only after the destruction. That is not the case. People outside of Jerusalem prayed in synagogues and in houses of study just as we do today. In Jerusalem itself there were tens of synagogues while the Temple still stood. This is why in 1 Kings ch.8, as he is dedicating the First Temple, King Solomon mentions both praying in the Temple (verse 33) and praying far away from it (verse 47), because God who dwells in the Temple also dwells in the heavens (again, both mentioned in the above chapter) and hears prayers everywhere. I might also point out that in addition to the sacrifices, prayers were said in the Temple (Mishna, tractate Tamid).

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