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Muslims, Christians, and Jewish thinkers significantly advanced ancient Greek knowledge by preserving, translating, and expanding upon classical texts. During the Islamic Golden Age, scholars like Al-Farabi and Avicenna integrated Greek philosophy with Islamic thought, while Jewish philosophers such as Maimonides synthesized Aristotelian ideas with Jewish theology. In medieval Christian Europe, figures like Thomas Aquinas adopted and adapted Greek philosophical concepts, particularly those of Aristotle, to align with Christian doctrine. This cross-pollination of ideas laid the groundwork for the Renaissance and the development of modern Western thought.

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