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AnswerThe principal early Christian sects are generally known today as Catholic Orthodox Christianity and Gnosticism, although other groups also existed. Although Catholic Orthodox Christianity was the predecessor of both the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Churches, the Roman Catholic Church was not yet a separate denomination with its own independent theology, including, for example, papal infallibility.

Roman state patronage for the Catholic Orthodox Church ensured that it was able to expropriate the property of other churches which did not share their views, and provided a cover for persecution until there was essentially only one Christian Church left in the Roman Empire.

The view held by religious authorities in the mainly Greek-speaking eastern regions was that there were 5 senior leaders, or Metropolitans, in this Christian Church, one of whom was the bishop of Rome. However, the bishop of Rome, designated in the west as the Pope, insisted that he had greater authority than the other Metropolitans. Gradually, differences built up until the Great Schism of 1054, when Pope Leo IX and Patriarch Michael I excommunicated each other. There were attempts at reconciliation and the Churches came close to being reunited in 1274 and in 1439, but the schism eventually became permanent.

The western Church, based on Rome, has become known as Roman Catholic, while the eastern Churches have become known as Orthodox Churches.

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