We do not know how many times Jesus preached in the synagogues. There are many references on this in all the gospels; but here is one that will give you an idea:
And Jesus went about all the cities and villages, teaching in their synagogues, and preaching the gospel of the kingdom, and healing every sickness and every disease among the people. (Matthew 9.35)
In the time of Jesus in Israel the religious houses were called synagogues, and yes Jesus preached in these. In Luke 4:16-30 is the story of Jesus going to the town he was raised in and preaching in that synagogue.
For His time, Jesus was politically incorrect. He angered many with His teachings and was accused of blasphemy, which was punishable by death.
There is no record of how long it took for Jesus to preach this sermon; but also there is no record of any breaks in his preaching of more than 3000 words in this sermon. So one may judge for himself the time Jesus took to preach it.
The institution of the synagogue appears to have originated between the time of the Babylonian exile an the time of Jesus. There were no synagogues before the exile, and there were lots of them by the time of Jesus. Nobody knows who built the first one, nor do we know whether it was built in Babylon before the return from exile or in Judea and Galilee after the return. It is almost certain that the first synagogue was organized using an existing building, and that the institution of the synagogue was around for a while before the first purpose-built synagogue was built.
Schoolwere mainly for Roman children and they were few and far.The other was for the Jews in their synagogue.
His core message: Matthew 4:17New International Version (NIV) 17 From that time on Jesus began to preach, "Repent, for the kingdom of heaven has come near."
The synagogue that Jesus regularly taught in was made of black basalt stone and archaeologists date it back to at least 1AD today the only main wall left in the synagogue is the wailing wall. the women and children where not allowed past certain parts of the synagogue and had to worship in a place called the women's court. the outside of the synagogue was just a plane grey stone. the grandest part of the synagogue is the sacrifice chamber only Jewish men and priests were allowed in the synagogue.
The same way it is celebrated today - by fasting and praying in synagogue to God.
As an observant Jew of his time of course he did, however according to the Gospels by age 12 he was astounding the educated Rabbis in the Synagogue with his knowledge of the scripture. No authoritative source addresses anything about his youth beyond his visit to Jerusalem and teaching the learned people in the temple when he was around 12, We may assume that since all boys of his time were expected to spend some time learning in the synagogue that Jesus did as well, but that is only an assumption.
Its most likely that because the Jews and Gentiles would of ignored Jesus when he claimed to be the son of God and to be the messiah so in other words, Jesus was fed up of preaching to them. Jesus told Paul the apostle to preach unto the Gentiles and Jews because to tell them "the good news". yes, Jesus contradicted himself.
Yes, very much so. You can still visit Galilee where Jesus did most of his ministry and spend time on the hillside (where the sermon on the mount was preached) or in the ruins of the synagogue at Capernaum (where Jesus preached). In addition, the old part of the city of Jerusalem has hardly changed since Jesus' time and so you can trace his steps through the city where many important events occurred such as the trial, crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus.
The word synagogue does not appear in the bible. Synagogues did not exist at the time the bible was written. In the historical period that the bible writes about, Jews worshiped at the temple, not the synagogue.